Process funding Evaluating cities' vitality and identifying ghost cities in China with emerging geographical data
Process funding Evaluating cities' vitality and identifying ghost cities in China with emerging geographical data
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cities.2017.01.002
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发表时间：
2017-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Tang, Jingxian
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jin, Xiaobin;Long, Ying;Tang, Jingxian
随着中国城市化的快速发展，大量新的城市用地被开发出来，以解决老城区人口密度高、对有限土地资源的需求量大、环境恶化等各种问题。然而，这些新开发单位的大量空置导致了鬼城的出现。由于缺乏明确有效的评价标准，我国对鬼城的认识相当有限。鉴于鬼城的实际情况，本文借鉴城市活力理论对鬼城进行识别和评价。我们认为鬼城与非常低的城市活力有关。借助大数据/开放数据，我们能够根据2002年至2013年的535,523个近期项目级住宅开发项目来描绘中国的鬼城。我们利用2014/2015年全国范围内的百万级路口、兴趣点和基于位置的服务记录来衡量每个住宅项目的形态、功能和社会活力。然后，我们将项目级别的评估结果汇总到城市级别，然后通过比较每个城市的老城区（2000年之前或2000年之前开发）和新城区（2000年以后开发）的住宅项目活力，识别出30个鬼城。我们的分析结果展示了中国过去的住宅开发以及后来的鬼城的全貌。我们发现，新城区住宅项目的平均活力仅为老城区的8.8%，这表明中国城市新区潜在存在“鬼城”。我们还根据现有排名、百度搜索引擎和夜间灯光图像对已确定的鬼城进行了基准测试。尽管我们承认鬼城可能存在于中国特定的城市化阶段，并且现在的一些鬼城未来可能会得到很好的发展，但本研究对中国鬼城的状况进行了全面的评估。这可能有助于揭示中国城市发展的政策影响。 (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
With the rapid urbanization of China, plenty of new urban lands have been developed with the great expectation to deal with all kinds of issues in old urban areas such as high population density, great demand on limited land resources, and decaying environment. However, a great proportion of vacancy in these newly developed units leads to the undesired observation of ghost cities. Lacking of clear and effectively evaluation criterion, the understanding of ghost cities in China is then rather limited. Considering the fact of ghost cities, we borrow the theory of urban vitality to identify and evaluate ghost cities in this paper. We argue that ghost cities are associated with very low urban vitality. In the light of big/open data, we are able to profile ghost cities of China based on 535,523 recent project-level residential developments from 2002 to 2013. We use the national-wide and million magnitude road junctions, points of interest and location based service records of 2014/2015 for measuring the morphological, functional and social vitality of each residential project. We then aggregate the project level evaluation results into the city level and thirty ghost cities are then identified by comparing the residential projects' vitality in the old (developed before or in 2000) and new (developed after 2000) urban areas in each city. Our profiling results illustrate the big picture of China's past residential developments, and then of ghost cities. We find the average vitality of residential projects in new urban areas is only 8.8% of that in old urban areas, denoting the potential existence of ghost cities in newly developed areas in Chinese cities. We have also benchmarked our identified ghost cities with existing rankings, the Baidu searching engine and night-time light images. Although we admit that ghost cities may exist in the particular urbanizing phase of China and that some ghost cities now may be well developed in the future, this study provides a thorough evaluation on the ghost city condition in China. This may shed light on policy implications for Chinese urban development. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.