Where The Light Gets In: Analyzing Web Censorship Mechanisms in India
Where The Light Gets In: Analyzing Web Censorship Mechanisms in India
复制标题
光线照进来的地方：分析印度的网络审查机制
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Sambuddho Chakravarty
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Yadav;Akshat Sinha;D. Gosain;P. Sharma;Sambuddho Chakravarty
在这项工作中，我们提出了在印度的互联网审查机制的详细研究。我们从各种公共来源汇总了一份可能被屏蔽的网站名单，以评估九家主要ISP使用的审查机制。开始，我们证明现有的审查检测工具，如OONI是非常不准确的。因此，我们开发了各种技术和方法来正确评估审查和研究这些ISP使用的潜在机制。在每一步中，我们都手动验证了我们的发现，以测试我们方法的有效性，这一练习在很大程度上被其他几个人忽略了。我们通过判断审查基础设施的覆盖范围和一致性来加强我们的发现，大致上是根据网络路径的平均数量和基础设施审查员请求的域。我们的研究结果表明，互联网服务提供商之间存在明显的差异，他们如何安装审查基础设施。例如，在Idea网络中，我们在超过90%的测试AS内路径中观察到了挑剔的中间盒，而对于Vodafone，它低至2.5%。我们通过设计我们自己的新颖的反审查策略来结束我们的研究，这不依赖于第三方工具（如代理，Tor和VPN等）。我们设法访问了所有测试中的ISP中所有被封锁的网站。
In this work we present a detailed study of the Internet censorship mechanism in India. We consolidated a list of potentially blocked websites from various public sources to assess censorship mechanisms used by nine major ISPs. To begin with, we demonstrate that existing censorship detection tools like OONI are grossly inaccurate. We thus developed various techniques and heuristics to correctly assess censorship and study the underlying mechanism used by these ISPs. At every step we corroborated our finding manually to test the efficacy of our approach, an exercise largely ignored by several others. We fortify our findings by adjudging the coverage and consistency of censorship infrastructure, broadly in terms of average number of network paths and requested domains the infrastructure censors. Our results indicate a clear disparity among the ISPs, on how they install censorship infrastructure. For instance, in Idea network we observed the censorious middleboxes in over 90% of our tested intra-AS paths, whereas for Vodafone, it is as low as 2.5%. We conclude our research by devising our own novel anti-censorship strategies, that does not depend on third party tools (like proxies, Tor and VPNs etc.). We managed to access all blocked websites in all ISPs under test.