Social norms and cultural diversity in the development of third-party punishment
Social norms and cultural diversity in the development of third-party punishment
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2019.2794
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发表时间：
2020-04-25
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Silk, Joan B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
House, Bailey R.;Kanngiesser, Patricia;Silk, Joan B.
人类的合作可能是由我们惩罚他人自私的倾向所支持的。社会规范在激励第三方惩罚（TPP）方面发挥着重要作用，也在解释亲社会行为的社会差异方面发挥着重要作用。然而，很少有工作直接联系社会规范跨社会TPP的发展。在这项研究中，我们探讨了规范性信息对6个不同社会中603名4-14岁儿童TPP发展的影响。儿童在童年中期开始进行TPP，这种行为的发展轨迹在各个社会都是相似的。我们还发现，在这些社会中，社会规范开始影响在童年中期进行TPP的可能性。具体规定惩罚自私行为的规范通常比具体规定惩罚亲社会行为的规范更有影响力。这些发现支持了这样一种观点，即自私的TPP在所有社会中都很重要，它的发展是由对规范信息做出反应的共同心理所塑造的。然而，研究结果也强调了儿童对当地规范的先验知识在解释TPP和亲社会性发展中的社会变化方面可能发挥的重要作用。
Human cooperation is probably supported by our tendency to punish selfishness in others. Social norms play an important role in motivating third-party punishment (TPP), and also in explaining societal differences in prosocial behaviour. However, there has been little work directly linking social norms to the development of TPP across societies. In this study, we explored the impact of normative information on the development of TPP in 603 children aged 4-14, across six diverse societies. Children began to perform TPP during middle childhood, and the developmental trajectories of this behaviour were similar across societies. We also found that social norms began to influence the likelihood of performing TPP during middle childhood in some of these societies. Norms specifying the punishment of selfishness were generally more influential than norms specifying the punishment of prosocial behaviour. These findings support the view that TPP of selfishness is important in all societies, and its development is shaped by a shared psychology for responding to normative information. Yet, the results also highlight the important role that children's prior knowledge of local norms may play in explaining societal variation in the development of both TPP and prosociality.