Centralisation, decentralisation and the scales in between
Centralisation, decentralisation and the scales in between
复制标题
集权、分权以及两者之间的规模
DOI：
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Devine‐Wright
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Watson;P. Devine‐Wright
英国未来能源系统的规模将对建筑环境的演变产生重大影响。然而，能源系统出现的规模与地方和国家两级的社会和经济价值观和行为以及治理的性质密切相关。今天的集中式能源系统通过人们理解和使用能源服务的方式与建筑环境有着特殊的关系。电力在偏远的发电厂集中发电;大多数供暖系统由集中分配的天然气提供燃料;车辆汽油通过几个大型仓库进行精炼和分配。建筑环境内的发电很少，而区域供热网络几乎不存在。决策者面临的一个关键问题是，战后时期形成的高度集中的能源供应方式能否继续满足未来几十年的经济和社会需求。目前的模式主要是大型发电厂和集中输送电力、天然气和石油的基础设施，这种模式可能足够灵活，可以应对能源安全和气候变化的双重挑战，但这一点并不确定，要应对这些挑战，可能需要进行重大转变，使能源系统处于各种规模。事实上，一些政府战略，如增加可再生能源作用的战略，意味着这种转变需要尽快开始。本章探讨了集中式和分散式能源系统的部署范围。由于“去中心化”一词的含义存在相当大的混乱，本章首先列出了一些定义，并探讨了这个术语所涵盖的范围。然后，本章考虑了未来能源系统的一些关键驱动因素，以及它们对系统规模的意义。本章还详细讨论了公民参与与提供不同规模的能源服务之间的关系。
Introduction: The scale of future energy systems in the UK will have a significant impact on the evolution of the built environment. Yet, the scale at which energy systems emerge is closely connected with social and economic values and behaviours and the nature of governance at local and national levels. Today’s centralized energy system has a particular relationship with the built environment through the way people understand and use energy services. Electricity is centrally generated in remote power plants; the majority of heating systems are fuelled by gas which is centrally distributed; and petrol for vehicles is refined and distributed through a few large depots. Electricity generation within the built environment is rare, while district heating networks are virtually absent. A key issue for decision makers is whether the strongly centralized approach to energy provision that developed in the post-war period can continue to meet the needs of the economy and society over the coming decades. The current pattern of mainly large-scale power plants and centralized delivery infrastructures for electricity, gas and oil may be sufficiently flexible to meet the dual challenges of energy security and climate change, but this is by no means certain.Meeting these challenges could require a significant shift so that energy systems are located at a range of scales. Indeed, some government strategies such as those to increase the role of renewables imply that such a shift needs to start soon. This chapter explores the scope for deploying energy systems that are both centralized and decentralized. Since there is considerable confusion over the meaning of the term ‘decentralized’, the chapter first sets out some definitions and explores the range of scales that this term encompasses. The chapter then considers some of the critical drivers for future energy systems and what they might mean for system scale. The chapter also focuses in some detail on the relationship between citizen engagement and the provision of energy services at different scales.