Heart Failure as a Multiple Hormonal Deficiency Syndrome
Heart Failure as a Multiple Hormonal Deficiency Syndrome
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DOI：
10.1161/circheartfailure.108.821892
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发表时间：
2009-03-01
影响因子：
9.7
通讯作者：
Sacca, Luigi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Sacca, Luigi
The classic neurohormonal model of heart failure (HF) is rooted in the overexpression of neurohormonal molecules. To complement this paradigm, increasing evidence indicates that a variety of hormones and metabolic signals may be downregulated in HF patients. The list of downregulated molecules includes growth hormone (GH), its tissue effector insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), thyroid hormone, and anabolic steroids. 1–4 In addition, HF is complicated by insulin resistance (IR), which ultimately means downregulation of insulin signaling. 5, 6 This review examines the evidence in support of the concept that HF is a multiple hormonal and metabolic deficiency syndrome (MHD). Particular attention is focused on the relevance of MHD in terms of cardiac performance and physical capacity and its impact on HF progression. Translation of new concepts into potential therapeutic options is also discussed.
