Why are there so many mimicry rings? Correlations between habitat, behaviour and mimicry in Heliconius butterflies
Why are there so many mimicry rings? Correlations between habitat, behaviour and mimicry in Heliconius butterflies
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为什么会有这么多拟态环？
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发表时间：
1995
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. Gilbert
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文献类型：
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作者：
J. Mallet;L. Gilbert
摘要 在新世界热带地区，存在着大量的同域蝴蝶拟态环。在严格的共同进化（苗勒）拟态下，这是令人费解的：所有难吃的物种都应该以“共同拟态”的形式趋同于相同的模式。然而，如果拟态通常是通过单向（贝茨）进化在令人难以接受的物种中进化出来的，那么很容易看出，以不同模型为中心的拟态环可能仍然是不同的。如果拟态环也按栖息地隔离，拟态环的多样性就可以稳定下来。在本文中，我们报告了九种难吃的 Heliconius 物种的行为和模仿之间的相关性。众所周知，共模仿者在相似的栖息地飞行，而非模仿者在不同的栖息地飞行，尽管有很多重叠。与之前的报告相反，我们发现葫芦碱拟态环的飞行高度几乎没有差异；所有物种都从地面飞到树冠。然而，共拟态动物在夜间栖息在相似的栖息地和离地高度相似的地方，但与其他拟态环中的物种却栖息在不同的栖息地和不同的高度。 Heliconius（尤其是erato分类群）以群居而闻名。与非模仿者相比，共同模仿者更常彼此群居。因此，群居栖息在物种之间以及物种内部都很常见。因此，Heliconius 的拟态与行为生态学之间存在着密切的联系。夜间栖息和视觉拟态之间的矛盾关系可能是由于鸟类在黄昏时栖息地形成时或黎明时栖息地解散前的捕食来解释的。缺乏捕食的直接证据，但这些时候鸟类的干扰率很高。这些结果，加上对Heliconius系统发育的了解，表明来自Melpomene组Heliconius的物种已经辐射到占据由Ithomiinae和erato组中模式物种保护的拟态生态位。由于关键模型无法收敛，各种同域拟态环显然得以维持，而更快速发展的令人不快的拟态环则朝着模型的颜色模式进化。此处揭示的拟态环之间的栖息地和行为差异将有助于维持拟态多样性，前提是在不同的栖息地发现不同的捕食者。这种维持多个拟态环的解释对于赫利科尼乌斯拟态来说比基于视觉交配限制、热生态学或伪装的替代方案更合理。
Abstract In the new world tropics there is an extravagant array of sympatric butterfly mimicry rings. This is puzzling under strictly coevolutionary (Mullerian) mimicry: all unpalatable species should converge as ‘co-mimics’ to the same pattern. If mimicry has usually evolved in unpalatable species by one-sided (Batesian) evolution, however, it is easy to see that mimicry rings centred on different models could remain distinct. If mimicry rings were also segregated by habitat, a diversity of mimicry rings could be stabilized. In this paper we report correlations between behaviour and mimicry of nine unpalatable Heliconius species. It is already known that co-mimics fly in similar habitats, and non-mimics fly in different habitats, although there is much overlap. Contrary to a previous report, we find little difference in flight heights of heliconiine mimicry rings; all species fly from ground level to the canopy. However, co-mimics roost at night in similar habitats and at similar heights above the ground, but in different habitats and at different heights from species in other mimicry rings. Heliconius (especially the erato taxonomic group) are renowned for roosting gregariously; and co-mimics roost gregariously with each other more often than with non-mimics. Gregarious roosting is therefore common between species, as well as within species. There are thus strong links between mimicry and behavioural ecology in Heliconius. The paradoxical correlation between nocturnal roosting and visual mimicry is presumably explained by bird predation at dusk when roosts are forming, or at dawn before they have disbanded. Direct evidence of predation is lacking, but there are high rates of disturbance by birds at these times. These results, together with knowledge of the phylogeny of Heliconius, suggest that species from the melpomene -group of Heliconius have radiated to occupy mimetic niches protected by model species in the Ithomiinae and the erato -group of Heliconius. A variety of sympatric mimicry rings is apparently maintained because key models fail to converge, while more rapidly-evolving unpalatable mimics evolve towards the colour patterns of the models. The maintenance of mimetic diversity would be aided by the habitat and behavioural differences between mimicry rings revealed here, provided that different predators are found in different habitats. This explanation for the maintenance of multiple mimicry rings is more plausible for Heliconius mimicry than alternatives based on visual mating constraints, thermal ecology, or camouflage.