The Gates Foundation, global health and domination: a republican critique of transnational philanthropy
The Gates Foundation, global health and domination: a republican critique of transnational philanthropy
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DOI：
10.1093/ia/iiac022
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发表时间：
2022-10-24
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Blunt, Gwilym David
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blunt, Gwilym David
21世纪之交，人们重新关注慈善事业在国际体系中的作用，特别是在全球贫穷和健康领域。然而，尽管在发展研究和国际研究中出现了一系列批判性文献，但慈善事业在全球分配正义的辩论中几乎没有出现。本文使用共和主义的统治概念作为分析框架，精确地阐明了跨国慈善事业所提出的正义问题。报告以比尔及梅林达·盖茨基金会及其在全球卫生领域的作用为测试案例，认为跨国慈善事业的特点是权力的不对称分配，这足以产生依赖性，而且这种分配是不受控制的，因为它的使用要么取决于强大代理人的意愿，要么取决于超越身份的社会合作条件。这种专断的特征与慈善事业特别相关，因为它使用认知力量来产生知识并使知识合法化。简而言之，跨国慈善事业占据主导地位。如果个人有权对深刻影响其基本利益的社会制度行使控制权，那么慈善事业就有一个不可忽视的正义问题。本文考察了慈善事业在国际体系中的作用。报告认为，以盖茨基金会对全球卫生政策的影响为例的跨国慈善事业占据主导地位，其特点是权力不受控制、专断和不对称。作者认为，这意味着慈善事业存在一个不可忽视的正义问题。
The turn of the twenty-first century witnessed a revival of interest in the role of philanthropy in the international system, especially in the fields of global poverty and health. Yet, despite an emergent critical literature in development studies and international studies, philanthropy has barely featured in the debate on global distributive justice. This article uses the republican conception of domination as an analytical framework to precisely articulate concerns of justice raised by transnational philanthropy. Using the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and its role in global health as a test case, it argues that transnational philanthropy is characterized by an asymmetric distribution of power, which is sufficient to produce dependence, and that is uncontrolled insofar as its use either rests on the will of powerful agents or on terms of social cooperation beyond contestation. This arbitrary character is particularly relevant to philanthropy because of its use of epistemic power to produce and legitimize knowledge. In short, transnational philanthropy is dominating. If individuals have the right to exercise control over the social institutions that profoundly affect their basic interests, then philanthropy has a problem of justice that cannot be dismissed.This article examines the role of philanthropy in the international system. It argues that transnational philanthropy, exemplified in the Gates Foundation's influence on global health policy, is dominating and characterized by uncontrolled, arbitrary and asymmetric power. The author argues that this means philanthropy has a problem of justice that cannot be dismissed.