Distributed Energy Resource Participation in Wholesale Markets: Lessons from the California ISO
Distributed Energy Resource Participation in Wholesale Markets: Lessons from the California ISO
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分布式能源参与批发市场：加州 ISO 的经验教训
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Romany M. Webb
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作者：
Justin Gundlach;Romany M. Webb
加州独立系统运营商（CAISO）旨在通过分布式能源（DER）的聚合来“支持”和“促进”批发市场的参与-太阳能电池板，电池和其他能源技术在分散的位置少量安装。这反映了CAISO认识到“这些资源的数量和多样性正在增长，并代表着未来网格越来越重要的一部分。然而，CAISO也认识到，系统运营商只有在以下情况下才能利用DER：它们的运行可靠，它们的运行是可预测和透明的，它们的贡献足够大，对它们的所有者和整个电网都是经济的。虽然多个DERs的汇总可以支持其中的每一个条件，但要实现这种汇总，就需要调整现有的批发市场规则。
CAISO并不是唯一认识到汇总DER对市场表现的潜在贡献的机构，但它是第一个开始探索如何进行必要调整以使其能够参与的批发市场运营商。在CAISO和其他独立系统运营商以及区域输电组织（ISO/RTO）运营的市场中，类似的需求响应汇总方案已经存在多年。然而，这些计划不允许向大电网出口能源。为了解决这一限制，CAISO采用了一项新计划，允许DER为电网提供能源和辅助服务。
在撰写本文时，CAISO的计划只吸引了四个参与者-DER供应商或“DERP”-其中没有一个已经开始在能源或辅助服务市场运营。与此同时，其他ISO/RTO和负责监督它们的联邦能源监管委员会（FERC或委员会）也在追随CAISO加入竞争。FERC正在考虑要求所有ISO/RTO采用自己的DER汇总程序，该程序可以模仿CAISO目前使用的程序。然而，尽管如此，还没有全面审查CAISO计划是如何运作的，以及为什么它吸引了这么少的参与者。本文旨在填补这一空白，检查CAISO的DER计划后，其第一年的运作。
The California Independent System Operator (CAISO) aims to “support” and “facilitate” wholesale market participation by aggregations of distributed energy resources (DERs)—solar panels, batteries, and other energy technologies installed in small quantities at scattered locations. This reflect CAISO’s recognition that “[t]he number and diversity of these resources are growing and represent an increasingly important part of the future grid.” However, CAISO has also recognized that system operators can only draw on DERs if they perform reliably, their operation is predictable and transparent, and their contributions are large enough to be economical both to their owners and the grid as a whole. While the aggregation of multiple DERs can support each of these conditions, providing for such aggregation will require adjustments to existing wholesale market rules.
CAISO is not alone in recognizing the potential contributions to market performance of aggregated DERs, but it was the first wholesale market operator to begin exploring how to make the adjustments necessary to enable their participation. Similar programs for the aggregation of demand response have existed in markets operated by CAISO and other independent system operators and regional transmission organizations (ISO/RTOs) for several years. Those programs do not, however, allow energy exports to the bulk power grid. To address this limitation, CAISO adopted a new program, which allows DERs to provide energy and ancillary services to the grid.
At the time of writing, CAISO’s program had attracted just four participants—DER providers or “DERPs”—none of which had yet begun operating in the energy or ancillary services markets. Meanwhile, the other ISO/RTOs and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC or the Commission) that oversees them are following CAISO into the fray. The FERC is considering requiring all ISO/RTOs to adopt their own programs for DER aggregation, which may be modeled on the one currently used by CAISO. Despite this, however, there has been no comprehensive review of how the CAISO program is operating and why it has attracted so few participants. This article is intended to fill that gap, examining CAISO’s DER program after its first year of operation.