Thinking Outside the Block: External Focus of Attention Improves Reaction Times and Movement Preparation Times in Collegiate Track Sprinters.
Thinking Outside the Block: External Focus of Attention Improves Reaction Times and Movement Preparation Times in Collegiate Track Sprinters.
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DOI：
10.3390/sports6040120
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发表时间：
2018-10-19
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Baweja HS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kovacs AJ;Miles GF;Baweja HS
虽然已经证明将注意力集中在外部线索(EF)上可以提高成绩，但田径教练倾向于在拦网开始时提供促进内部注意力集中(IF)的指令。本研究的目的是确定：(1)促进EF和IF是否会改善短跑运动员的反应时(RT)，以及(2)是否在运动准备过程中的中央过程(运动前反应时)或运动执行过程中的外围过程(运动反应时)发生变化。12名大学生田径短跑运动员(年龄20.8±1.7岁)在EF、IF和无聚焦指令(NF)条件下完成了三次测试。从左侧和右侧区块记录RT。记录股外侧肌和腓肠肌的肌肉激活时间(EMG)。与IF(234.21 ms)和NF(236.87 ms)相比，EF(212.11 ms)下的平均后足RT显著缩短(p<；0.0001)。与IF(266.98 ms)相比，EF(250.24 ms)的前足RT显著缩短(p<；0.05)，但不比NF(268.73 ms)短。与IF(181.90 ms)和NF(173.60 ms)相比，EF条件下的平均运动前反应时(157.75 ms)显著缩短(p<；0.001)。在不同条件下的运动RT没有发现差异(p>；0.05)。采用EF可以在短跑开始时提高RT。这种改善可能源于运动准备时间的缩短，而不是肌肉纤维更快的兴奋收缩耦合。这些发现可能有助于开发新的教练方法，旨在提高运动员的起跑技术。
While focusing attention on external cues (EF) has been shown to enhance performance track and field coaches tend to provide instructions that promote internal focus of attention (IF) during block starts. The aims of this study were to determine: (1) whether promoting EF versus IF would improve reaction time (RT) of sprinters, and (2) if changes occur at the level of central processes during movement preparation (premotor RT) or peripheral processes during movement execution (motor RT). Twelve collegiate track sprinters (age 20.8 ± 1.7) completed three testing sessions under EF, IF, and no focus instruction (NF) conditions. RT was recorded from the left and right blocks. Muscle activation time (EMG) was recorded from the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius muscles. Mean rear foot RT was significantly shorter (p < 0.0001) under the EF (212.11 ms) compared with the IF (234.21 ms) and NF conditions (236.87 ms). Front foot RT was significantly shorter (p < 0.05) during EF (250.24 ms), compared to IF (266.98 ms) but not shorter than the NF (268.73 ms) condition. Mean premotor RT under the EF condition (157.75 ms) was significantly shorter (p < 0.001) compared with the IF (181.90 ms) and NF (173.60 ms) conditions. No differences were found in motor RT across conditions (p > 0.05). Adopting an EF improves RT during sprint starts. This improvement likely originates from a shortening in movement preparation time, as opposed to a faster excitation contraction coupling of the muscle fibers. These findings could potentially contribute to the development of new coaching methods aimed at improving the starting technique of athletes.