Guidelines for transients are in need of revision
Guidelines for transients are in need of revision
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DOI：
10.1088/1755-1315/22/4/042006
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发表时间：
2014-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Pejovic;B. Karney
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Pejovic;B. Karney
虽然多年来积累了大量的知识，但各种水电站，特别是抽水蓄能电站的设计并不总是充分利用这些知识。数学上的不稳定性可以由有经验的专家来解决，而真实的物理上的不稳定性是不可避免的，这使得没有受过教育和经验的专家使用软件变得非常危险：如果不能区分不准确的不切实际的结果和合理的好结果，就会发生坏事情。此外，在一些情况下，有相当多的证据表明，已经公布的准则、建议和标准没有得到一致的应用。因此，忽略了与整体安全和可持续运行有关的重要参数，而这些参数本可以基于设计师和设备供应商的经验和知识。例如，与某些常见的工作假设相反，尾水管中的最小压力不能是任何恒定的压力，以适应转轮出口处的复杂流动条件。当这种情况与水泵水轮机“S”型不稳定性相结合时，损坏和事故的风险进一步增加。相反，必须采用一套更现实的程序。这些考虑因素尤其重要的是，抽水蓄能电站具有进一步开发的巨大潜力，因为它们代表了一种潜在的重要环境清洁负荷，可能有助于补偿电网中的功率变化和限制风电输出的需要。如果设计和运营良好，能源储存具有使整个系统和市场更加高效和可靠的巨大潜力。可以毫不夸张地说，抽水蓄能系统可以替代高达50%的核能和燃煤发电厂。它们易于管理，并且在整个储能周期中的效率高达75 - 85%。这项工作认为，一些关键的技术领域已经失去了100多年来积累的宝贵经验和知识的好处。实际和理论经验的转让协调不佳似乎是造成这种损失的根本原因。其后果是市场和投资环境不稳定，事故更频繁，效率更低，需要更常见的故障排除;然而，如果不采取适当措施，近年来出现的许多同样的问题预计将继续以令人不安的规律发生。所需的和有组织的多学科经验转让是一项重大而具有挑战性的任务，但需要由无党派组织承担。当务之急是现在就作出实现这一目标的决定。显然迫切需要规划、资助和执行各种长期倡议。
Although considerable knowledge has been built-up over the years, the design of various hydroelectric plants, particularly pumped-storage plants, has not always made full use of this knowledge. Mathematical instabilities, which could be resolved by experienced experts, and real physical unavoidable instabilities, make software application by experts not educated and experienced in subject extremely dangerous: bad things can happen if one can't distinguish inaccurate unrealistic results from reasonable good ones. Additionally, in a number of cases there is considerable evidence that already published guidelines, recommendations and standards have not be consistently applied. As a consequence, vital parameters relating to overall safety and sustainable operation which could have been based on the experience and knowledge of designers and equipment suppliers have been neglected. For instance, contrary to certain common working assumptions, the minimum pressure in a draft tube cannot be any constant pressure to fit the complex flow conditions at the exit of the runner. When such realities are combined with pump-turbine "S" instability there is a further increase in the risk of damages and accidents. Rather, a more realistic set of procedures must be applied. What makes such considerations particularly vital is that pumped-storage plants have such excellent potential for further exploitation as they represent a potentially significant environmentally clean load that may help compensate for power variations in the grid and the need to limit wind power output. Energy storage – if well designed and operated – has a great potential for making the overall system and market more efficient and reliable. It is not an exaggeration to say that pumped storage systems could substitute for up to 50% of nuclear and coal generating plants. They are easily manageable and impressively can be 75 – 85% efficient across the energy storage cycle. This work maintains that some crucial technical areas have lost the benefit of valuable experience and knowledge that has accrued in more than 100 years. The poorly coordinated transfer of practical and theoretical experience appears to be the root cause of this loss. The consequences are an unstable market and investment climate, and a greater frequency of accidents, higher inefficiency and the need for more common troubleshooting; yet many of the same problems which have appeared in recent years can be expected to continue to occur with distressing regularity if appropriate steps are not taken. The required and organized multidisciplinary transfer of experience is a major and challenging task, but one that needs to be undertaken by nonpartisan organisations. It is imperative that decisions to achieve this goal be made now. There is a clear and pressing need to plan, finance and implement a variety of long-term initiatives.