A Social Basis for Prewar Japanese Militarism: The Army and the Rural Community . By Richard J. Smethurst. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Pp. xxi + 202. $14.00.)
A Social Basis for Prewar Japanese Militarism: The Army and the Rural Community . By Richard J. Smethurst. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Pp. xxi + 202. $14.00.)
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战前日本军国主义的社会基础：军队和农村社区。
DOI：
10.2307/2054527
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发表时间：
1974
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Ben
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ben
他以定量的方式证实了其他人在不那么系统的观察的基础上所作的概括。这篇论文的主要贡献是指出，官僚招聘的结构使官僚机构不受政党政治入侵的影响，官僚机构在“民主”和/或“法西斯主义”的表象下具有持续的重要性。在加藤水一杂乱无章的文章中也可以找到类似的对连续性的强调，文章指出(并不太令我们惊讶)20世纪20年代的事件为20世纪30年代的事件铺平了道路。·在两篇关于外交政策制定的文章中，艾瑞亚和詹姆斯·克劳利研究了官僚作风。在他关于1930年代《军事扩张的失败》一文的配套文章中，Iriye详细研究了1920年代的“经济外交”。他认为，它的失败与其说是因为支持者缺乏勇气，不如说是因为事态发展超出了日本的控制。克劳利的文章重复了他在其他地方陈述的主题，但包括了一个有趣的部分，讲述了20世纪30年代末海军的观点，以及1940-41年间倡导“南进”的过程。《大正》日本的经济变革由山村幸三和詹姆斯·中村来处理。山村描述了20世纪20年代现代行业的寡头垄断。他认为，因为最初与财阀相关的公司已经变得自私自利，财阀银行拥有可投资于非财阀公司和银行的“剩余资本”，这些公司和银行最终被它们吸收或控制。人们想知道，这一现象的更广泛影响是什么，尤其是对上世纪30年代海外投资和经济帝国主义的发展。尽管山村没有选择推测这种联系，但中村在他的文章中探索了日本殖民主义的某些经济影响。他展示了日本人如何试图剥削韩国和台湾，不是通过发展许多西方殖民地特有的种植制度，而是通过出口日本技术来提高农业产量和生产率。这篇文章认为，日本的殖民主义，即使不完全是仁慈的，至少在经济上是合理的，具有讽刺意味的是，它可能会对《亚洲研究杂志》产生影响
governors, he verifies in quantitative terms generalizations that others have made on the basis of less systematic observation. The main contribution of the essay is to suggest that the structure of bureaucratic recruitment made the bureaucracy impervious to the inroads of party politics and that the bureaucracy was of continuing importance behind the facade of "democracy" and/or "fascism." A similar stress on continuity may be found in Kato Shuichi's rambling essay, which observes (not very much to our surprise) that events in the 1920s paved the way for events in the 1930s. • In two essays on foreign policy making, Akira Iriye and James Crowley study the bureaucracy at work. In a companion piece for his essay on "the failure of military expansion" in the 1930s, Iriye examines in detail the "economic diplomacy" of the 1920s. He suggests that it failed less for want of nerve on the part of its supporters than because of developments beyond Japanese control. Crowley's essay repeats themes he has stated elsewhere, but includes an interesting section on the views of the navy in the late 1930s and the process by which advocacy of a "southern advance" developed in 1940-41. Economic change in "Taisho" Japan is dealt with by Kozo Yamamura and James Nakamura. Yamamura describes the oligopolization of the modern sector in the 1920s. Because the original zaibatsu-related firms had become selffinancing, he argues, the zaibatsu banks had "surplus capital" to invest in non-zaibatsu firms and banks, which they eventually absorbed or controlled. One wonders what the wider implications of this phenomenon were, especially for the development of overseas investment and economic imperialism in the 1930s. Although Yamamura does not choose to speculate on such linkages, Nakamura explores certain economic implications of Japanese colonialism in his essay. He shows how the Japanese attempted to exploit Korea and Taiwan not through the development of a plantation system so characteristic of many Western colonies, but through the export of Japanese techniques to boost agricultural production and productivity. The essay suggests that Japanese colonialism, if not exactly benevolent, was at least economically rational, and that ironically it might have implications JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES