Lower pharyngeal jaw of a cichlid fish (Actinopterygii; Labroidei) from an early Oligocene site in the Fayum, Egypt
Lower pharyngeal jaw of a cichlid fish (Actinopterygii; Labroidei) from an early Oligocene site in the Fayum, Egypt
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埃及法尤姆渐新世早期遗址中丽鱼科鱼（Actinopterygii；Labroidei）的下咽颌
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发表时间：
2002
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通讯作者：
A. Murray
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作者：
A. Murray
非洲的慈鲷化石是从始新世到第四纪的沉积物中发现的。始新世慈鲷科，五种Mahengechromis，来自坦桑尼亚的沉积物，日期为45 My old（Murray，2000）。可能是渐新世的化石慈鲷，Macfadyena dabanensis和四种不确定的形式，来自索马里（货车Couvering，1982）。货车Couvering（1982年）还报道了来自乌干达中新世早期的分离成分，这些成分被鉴定为代表两个或多个被称为Pelmatochromis的物种，以及来自肯尼亚的类似年龄的关节骨骼，她将其描述为Palaeofulu kuluensis，Nderechromis cichloides和Kalyptochromis hamulodens。在肯尼亚的沉积物中也发现了一些孤立的不确定的慈鲷类化石，其年代可能为早中新世和晚中新世（货车Couvering，1982年）。非洲中新世晚期的慈鲷科有肯尼亚的Oreochromis martartyni、阿尔及利亚的Palaeochromis darestei和P. rousselleti，以及肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚和突尼斯的未命名遗骸（Greenwood，1973;货车Couvering，1982; Stewart，1997）。上新世和更新世的慈鲷遗骸包括孤立的骨头和不确定物种的碎片（例如，Murray和Stewart，出版中），更完整的仍然可以追溯到最近的罗非鱼属（例如，Murray和Stewart，1999年）。缺乏来自西非的慈鲷化石可能是因为缺乏适当年龄或性质的沉积物。先前在埃及发现的唯一慈鲷化石是孤立的，主要是鳍刺，peprophores和脊椎中心，已知来自Wadi Natrun的更新世沉积物（Greenwood，1972）。虽然一些化石慈鲷是已知的来自非洲，额外的慈鲷材料是必要的，以更好地记录慈鲷科的范围在过去的时间。包括鱼类在内的化石脊椎动物已在埃及法尤姆洼地（位于开罗西南约80公里处的西部沙漠）发现100多年。虽然有几种硬骨鱼在法尤姆被描述，但其中大多数来自始新世Qasr el Sagha和Birket Qarun地层的沉积物。这些沉积物被杰贝尔Qatrani组覆盖，杜克大学的Elwyn Simons博士几十年来一直在积极收集化石。Jebel Qatrani地层包含从始新世晚期到渐新世的沉积物。唯一的鱼类遗骸已报告从这个形成的鲶鱼和肺鱼的骨头（斯特罗姆，1916年; Peyer，1928年）。Simons博士和他的团队收集了大量来自Jebel Qatrani地层几个地方的鱼类材料。西蒙斯博士从其中一个地点，采石场E，收集了一条鱼的下咽颚，在这里被确定为属于慈鲷。
African fossil cichlids are known from deposits ranging in age from Eocene through to Quaternary. The Eocene cichlids, five species of Mahengechromis, are from deposits in Tanzania, dated at 45 My old (Murray, 2000). Fossil cichlids probably of Oligocene age, Macfadyena dabanensis and four indeterminate forms, have come from Somalia (Van Couvering, 1982). Van Couvering (1982) also reported on isolated elements from the Early Miocene of Uganda which were identified as representing two or more species referred to Pelmatochromis, and articulated skeletons of similar age from Kenya, which she described as Palaeofulu kuluensis, Nderechromis cichloides and Kalyptochromis hamulodentis. Deposits in Kenya have also produced isolated elements of indeterminate cichlids dated as possibly Early and Late Miocene (Van Couvering, 1982). Late Miocene cichlids from Africa are Oreochromis martyni from Kenya, Palaeochromis darestei and P. rousselleti from Algeria, and unnamed remains from Kenya, Tanzania and Tunisia (Greenwood, 1973; Van Couvering, 1982; Stewart, 1997). Pliocene and Pleistocene cichlid remains include isolated bones and fragments of indeterminate species (e.g., Murray and Stewart, in press), and more complete remains referable to Recent tilapiine genera (e.g., Murray and Stewart, 1999). Lack of fossil cichlids from western Africa is probably because of a lack of deposits of an appropriate age or nature. The only fossil remains of cichlids previously reported from Egypt are isolated elements, predominantly fin spines, pterygiophores, and vertebral centra, known from Pleistocene deposits at Wadi Natrun (Greenwood, 1972). Although a number of fossil cichlids are known from Africa, additional cichlid material is necessary to better document the range of cichlids in past times. Fossil vertebrates including fishes have been reported from the Fayum Depression of Egypt, in the Western Desert about 80 km southwest of Cairo, for over 100 years. Although several teleostean fishes have been described from the Fayum, most of these are from the deposits of the Eocene Qasr el Sagha and Birket Qarun formations. These deposits are overlain by the Jebel Qatrani Formation, from which Dr. Elwyn Simons of Duke University has been actively collecting fossils for several decades. The Jebel Qatrani Formation contains deposits ranging from Late Eocene through Oligocene in age. The only fish remains that have been reported from this formation are bones of catfishes and lungfishes (Stromer, 1916; Peyer, 1928). The collections made by Dr. Simons and his team include a large amount of fish material from several localities in the Jebel Qatrani Formation. From one of these sites, Quarry E, Dr. Simons collected a lower pharyngeal jaw of a fish that is here identified as belonging to a cichlid.