A spatial analysis of pit latrine density and groundwater source contamination
A spatial analysis of pit latrine density and groundwater source contamination
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DOI：
10.1007/s10661-012-2866-8
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发表时间：
2013-05-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Gundry, Stephen W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wright, Jim A.;Cronin, Aidan;Gundry, Stephen W.
本研究的目的是评估化学和微生物污染的地下水源和一系列的潜在危害，在两个城市周边地区的基苏穆，肯尼亚的浅威尔斯和坑式厕所被广泛使用。从1998年到2004年，从61个地下水源采集了263个样本，并对耐热大肠菌群进行了测试。还对其中18个来源进行了化学污染物检测，包括硝酸盐、氯化物和氟化物。调查了研究区所有水源、建筑物和坑式厕所的位置。使用地理信息系统计算了当地坑式厕所的密度。18个样本中有10个样本的硝酸盐含量高于世界卫生组织的指导值，263个样本中有236个样本的耐热大肠菌群呈阳性，所有样本的氟化物含量都高于指导值。耐热大肠菌群水平和每日降雨模式之间没有关系，也没有与卫生风险检查评分的样品从浅威尔斯（r = 0.01，p = 0.91，n = 191）。100米半径范围内坑式厕所的密度与硝酸盐和氯化物水平显著相关（分别为r = 0.64，p = 0.004和r = 0.46，p = 0.05），但与耐热大肠菌群无关（r = 0.22，p = 0.11）。这些结果说明了与浅层地下水源、现场卫生和高人口密度相关的公共卫生风险。这些研究结果对促进厕所建设的现行政策具有影响，特别是在人口密度高的城市周边地区。应委托对较大的社区进行更全面的研究，以扩大对厕所密度与地下水污染之间联系的分析，从而确定可能出现的政策风险。
This study aims to assess the relationship between chemical and microbial contamination of groundwater sources and a range of potential hazards in two peri-urban areas of Kisumu, Kenya where shallow wells and pit latrines are widely used. From 1998 to 2004, 263 samples were taken from 61 groundwater sources and tested for thermotolerant coliforms. Eighteen of these sources were also tested for chemical contaminants, including nitrate, chloride and fluoride. The locations of all water sources, buildings and pit latrines in the study area were surveyed. Local pit latrine densities were calculated using a geographic information system. Ten out 18 samples were above the World Health Organization guideline values for nitrate, 236 out of 263 were positive for thermotolerant coliforms, and all were above the guideline values for fluoride. There was neither a relationship between thermotolerant coliform levels and daily rainfall patterns nor with sanitary risk inspection scores for samples from shallow wells (r = 0.01, p = 0.91, n = 191). The density of pit latrines within a 100-m radius was significantly correlated with nitrate and chloride levels (r = 0.64, p = 0.004 and r = 0.46, p = 0.05, respectively) but not with thermotolerant coliforms (r = 0.22, p = 0.11). These results illustrate both the public health risks associated with shallow groundwater sources, on-site sanitation and high population density. These findings have implications for current policies that promote latrine construction, especially in peri-urban areas of high population density. More comprehensive studies of larger communities should be commissioned to extend this analysis of the links between latrine density and groundwater contamination and so identify the contingent policy risks.