The Widespread Occurrence of Anther Destruction by Trigona Bees in Melastomataceae
The Widespread Occurrence of Anther Destruction by Trigona Bees in Melastomataceae
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野牡丹科植物中广泛发生的三角蜂破坏花药的现象
DOI：
10.2307/2387649
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发表时间：
1983
期刊：
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
S. Renner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Renner
描述了大型热带蜂属 Trigona（蜜蜂科：Meliponinae，Trigonini 部落）的几种物种夺取花粉的复杂行为模式。这些蜜蜂从管状野牡丹科花药的顶端孔探查花粉，直到它们的舌头到达为止，然后切掉花药的顶部以暴露更多的花粉。这重复了几次。本文总结了 34 种巴西野牡丹科植物中这种综合征的观察结果以及其他新热带国家的记录。研究人员对这些花粉强盗的适应的重要性进行了研究。 Trigona 的花蜜抢夺行为众所周知，其对植物育种系统可能产生的影响最近也受到关注（Mc Dade & Kinsman 1980，Roubik 1982）。不太明显的花粉掠夺并没有受到同样的关注。在对亚马逊野牡丹科植物的授粉和繁殖生物学进行了为期两年的研究期间，我对这些花经常被属于大属 Trigona 的蜜蜂破坏花药的频率印象深刻。因此，我在巴西各个植物标本馆的开花材料中系统地寻找受损的花药。访问巴西中部和南部期间的观察、有关野牡丹科授粉的文献以及该科其他学生的个人通讯证实，花药破坏在新热带野牡丹科中很常见。材料和方法 野牡丹科植物在巴西的路边、路堤和次生植被中以草本植物、灌木或中型树木的形式大量存在。它们也常见于原始森林，在那里它们可能是大树。有些开花活动全年发生，许多物种连续开花。 1980年10月至1982年10月期间，在巴西亚马逊低地森林进行了观测，但1981年2月/3月和1982年3月除外，当时在巴西南部进行了观测。对原始森林中野牡丹科植物的研究是在马瑙斯以东和以北 26 公里、45 公里和 120 公里的森林保护区以及内格罗河上游的圣加布里埃尔附近进行的（1981 年 8 月）。对稀树草原物种的观测是在马瑙斯以南 800 公里处的马德拉河 HumaitA 附近的自然稀树草原上进行的（1981 年 10 月），以及罗赖马州博阿维斯塔以西 140 公里处的里奥乌拉里科埃拉的马拉卡岛（1980 年 11 月和 1982 年 5 月）。在马瑙斯以北 45 公里的保护区和马瑙斯附近的里奥内格罗河堤沿线，对白沙地区（“campinas”）特有的开放植被进行了研究。在马瑙斯和贝伦附近的多个地点对次生植被进行了研究。在巴西南部，我们在“Serra dos Orgaos”和“Serra de Itatiaia”国家公园度过了几天，这两个国家公园都位于 Serra de Mantiqueira 山脉海拔 800 至 1200 米之间，前者位于里约热内卢州，后者位于里约州、圣保罗州和米纳斯吉拉斯州的交汇点。在圣保罗附近的特雷斯6波利斯、伊比乌纳的花园以及圣保罗和里约热内卢的植物园进行了额外的观察。在检查马瑙斯 (INPA)、贝伦 (IAN、MG)、贝洛奥里藏特 (BHMH)、里约 (R, RJ) 和圣保罗 (SP, SPF) 植物标本室的材料时，另外 13 个物种的植物含有被切断的花药。由于这些花药看起来与田间被 Trigona 蜜蜂破坏的花药一模一样，因此报告中提到了这 13 个物种，尽管没有收集为花药工作的蜜蜂。对昆虫访客的观察是从凌晨 5 点 30 分开始的。直到中午；中午之后昆虫活动几乎完全停止。为了确定那些已知在凌晨 5:30 之前开放的物种的开花时间，我们在凌晨 1 点和 3 点之间进行了一次“夜间调查”。检查。在每个摊位上，都会详细记录花卉参观者的行为模式，并计算参观时间的长短。照片记录了蜜蜂在花朵上的位置。个体 Trigona 的胸部被标记了一点白色油漆，以便连续几天监测其行为。对于全年开花的品种 Bellucia Imperialis 和 Rhynchanthera grandiflora，分别每周至少一次（二月/三月除外）和每月一次通过普查评估 Trigona 活性。 Trigona 对野牡丹科花药的利用针对 Mouriri nervosa 进行了量化。用防虫网捕捉蜜蜂以进行识别并获取花粉量样本。它是 posBIOTROPICA 15(4): 251-256 1983 251 此内容于 2016 年 4 月 17 日星期日 05:53:02 UTC 从 157.55.39.94 下载。所有使用均遵循 http://about.jstor.org/terms 表 1. 显示被 Trigona 蜜蜂破坏花药的巴西野牡丹科物种。物种 产地 Trigona (Trigona) 种 Aciotis acuminifolia 马瑙斯附近湿地 fulviventris fulviventris Bellucata 稀树草原 Humaita hyalinata amazonensis B. axinanthera 路边 Humaita hyalinata amazonensis B. dichotoma 路边马瑙斯 hyalinata branneri 附近 B.grossularioides 路边马瑙斯附近dallatorreana B. Imperialis 马瑙斯附近的路边 dallatorreana, fulviventris fulviventris Clidemia hirta 马瑙斯附近的路边 fulviventris fulviventris C. japurensis 圣加布里埃尔附近的原始森林 fulviventris fulviventris 科莫利亚 veronicaefolia 稀树草原 博阿维斯塔以西 fulviventris guanae Desmoscelis villosa 稀树草原 靠近 Sao Gabriel dallatorreana H. horridula 在马瑙斯 dallatorreana 附近的沙质土壤上 Miconia alata 在马瑙斯 fulviventris guanae 附近的路边 M. argyrophylla 森林在马瑙斯 fulviventris guanae 北部的沙质土壤上 M. aff.马瑙斯 fulviventris guanae 北部沙土上的鳞叶类森林 M. nervosa 原始森林，靠近马瑙斯 fulviventris guianae M. radulaefolia 路边，靠近马瑙斯 fulviventris guianae Mouriri nervosa 森林，位于马瑙斯以北的沙土上 Myriaspora egensis，马瑙斯 fulviventris guianae Nepsera Aquatica马瑙斯 fulviventris guanae 附近的湿地 Rhynchanthera grandiflora 马瑙斯 williana 附近的湿地，fulviventris guanae R. virgata 博阿维斯塔 fulviventris guanae 以西稀树草原的湿地 Sandemania hoehnei 马瑙斯 fulviventris guianae 以北的白色沙区 Tibouchina arborea Serra de Mantiqueira, 800 m alt. sp。 T. aspera 稀树草原以西 Boa Vista fulviventris fulviventris T. gardneriana Serra de Mantiqueira, 800 m alt. fulviventris fulviventris T. capsulosa Serra de Mantiqueira, 800 m alt. Teres6polis fulviventris fulviventris T. maximiliana 花园 fulviventris fulviventris T. moricandiana Serra de Mantiqueira 和植物园 SP fulviventris guanae T. mutabilis Serra dos Orgaos，900 米。 fulviventris fulviventris T. spruceana 热带稀树草原 尼格罗河以南 靠近马瑙斯 fulviventris guanae T. stenocarpa 植物园 SP fulviventris fulviventris Tococa bullifera 靠近马瑙斯 fulviventris guanae T. coronata 马德拉河岸 靠近 Humaita hyalinata amazonensis T. longisepala 黑水淹没森林附近Manaus williana, fulviventris guanae 能够捕获所有 Trigona 物种，除了那些在高大的树 Tibouchina arborea 上工作的物种。通过双筒望远镜观察这些情况，并在树下收集切断的花药。花粉分析是通过将蜜蜂的花粉量用棉蓝和乳酚染色过夜并扫描非黑素花粉粒来进行的。制备了来自每个蜡质体物种的纯花粉的永久制剂。
A complex behavior pattern of pollen robbing by several species of the large tropical bee genus Trigona (Apidae: Meliponinae, tribe Trigonini) is described. These bees probe pollen from the apical pores of tubular Melastomataceae anthers as far as their tongues reach and then cut off the top of the anther to expose more pollen. This is repeated several times. A summary of observations of this syndrome in 34 species of Brazilian Melastomataceae and records from other neotropical countries are presented. The significance of these pollen robbers' adaptations is examined. NECTAR-ROBBING BY Trigona is well known and its possible influence on plants' breeding systems has received attention recently (Mc Dade & Kinsman 1980, Roubik 1982). The less obvious pollen-robbing has not received the same attention. During a 2-year study of the pollination and breeding biology of Amazonian Melastomataceae, I was impressed by the frequency with which these flowers suffered destruction of the anthers by bees belonging to the large genus Trigona. I consequently searched systematically for damaged anthers in flowering material from various Brazilian herbaria. Observations during visits to central and southern Brazil, the literature on Melastomataceae pollination, and personal communications from other students of this family confirmed that anther destruction is common in neotropical Melastomataceae. MATERIAL AND METHODS Melastomataceae are abundant as herbs, shrubs or medium-sized trees along roadsides, embankments and in secondary vegetation in Brazil. They are also frequent in primary forest, where they may be large trees. Some flowering activity occurs all year, and many species flower continuously. Observations were made in the lowland forest of Amazonian Brazil between October 1980, and October 1982, with the exception of February/March 1981 and 1982, when observations were made in southern Brazil. Studies of Melastomataceae in primary forest were conducted in forest reserves 26, 45, and 120 km east and north of Manaus, as well as near Sao Gabriel on the upper Rio Negro (August 1981). Observations of savanna species were made in the natural savannas near HumaitA on the Madeira River, 800 km south of Manaus (October 1981), and on MaracA Island in the Rio Uraricoeira, 140 km west of Boa Vista in the state of Roraima (November 1980 and May 1982). The characteristic open vegetation of white sand areas ("campinas") was studied in the reserve 45 km north of Manaus and along the embankment of the Rio Negro near Manaus. Secondary vegetation was studied at various sites near Manaus and Belem. In southern Brazil several days were spent in the National Parks "Serra dos Orgaos" and "Serra de Itatiaia," both situated between 800 and 1200 m altitude in the Serra de Mantiqueira mountain range, the former in the state of Rio de Janeiro, the latter at the meeting point of the states of Rio, Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais. Additional observations were made in gardens in Teres6polis, Ibiuna, near Sao Paulo, and the Botanical Gardens of Sao Paulo and Rio. When examining material in the herbaria of Manaus (INPA), Belem (IAN, MG), Belo Horizonte (BHMH), Rio (R, RJ), and Sao Paulo (SP, SPF) plants from 13 more species contained severed anthers. Because these anthers looked exactly like the ones destroyed by Trigona bees in the field, the 13 species are mentioned in the report although the bees working on their anthers were not collected. Observations of insect visitors were made from 5:30 A.M. until noon; insect activity ceased almost completely after midday. To establish flowering time in those species known to open before 5:30 A.M., one "night survey" was made consisting of 1 and 3 A.M. checks. At each stand, detailed notes were taken on the behavior patterns of flower visitors, and lengths of visits were timed. Photographs documented positions of bees on flowers. Individual Trigona were marked with a spot of white paint on the thorax to allow behavior to be monitored on consecutive days. For the year-round flowering species Bellucia imperialis and Rhynchanthera grandiflora, Trigona activity was assessed by censuses at least once a week (except for February/March) and once a month, respectively. The exploitation of Melastomataceae anthers by Trigona was quantified for Mouriri nervosa. The bees were caught with an insect net for identification and to obtain samples of pollen loads. It was posBIOTROPICA 15(4): 251-256 1983 251 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.94 on Sun, 17 Apr 2016 05:53:02 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms TABLE 1. Brazilian Melastomataceae species that show anther destruction by Trigona bees. Species Locality Trigona (Trigona) species Aciotis acuminifolia wet sites near Manaus fulviventris fulviventris Bellucia acutata savannas around Humaita hyalinata amazonensis B. axinanthera roadside near Humaita hyalinata amazonensis B. dichotoma roadside near Manaus hyalinata branneri B. grossularioides roadside near Manaus dallatorreana B. imperialis roadside near Manaus dallatorreana, fulviventris fulviventris Clidemia hirta roadside near Manaus fulviventris fulviventris C. japurensis primary forest near Sao Gabriel fulviventris fulviventris Comolia veronicaefolia savanna west of Boa Vista fulviventris guianae Desmoscelis villosa savanna near Sao Gabriel dallatorreana H. horridula on sandy soil near Manaus dallatorreana Miconia alata roadside near Manaus fulviventris guianae M. argyrophylla forest on sandy soil north of Manaus fulviventris guianae M. aff. lepidota forest on sandy soil north of Manaus fulviventris guianae M. nervosa primary forest near Manaus fulviventris guianae M. radulaefolia roadside near Manaus fulviventris guianae Mouriri nervosa forest on sandy soil north of Manaus williana Myriaspora egensis near Rio Negro banks, Manaus fulviventris guianae Nepsera aquatica wet sites near Manaus fulviventris guianae Rhynchanthera grandiflora wet sites near Manaus williana, fulviventris guianae R. virgata wet sites in savannas west of Boa Vista fulviventris guianae Sandemania hoehnei white sand area north of Manaus fulviventris guianae Tibouchina arborea Serra de Mantiqueira, 800 m alt. sp. T. aspera savanna west of Boa Vista fulviventris fulviventris T. gardneriana Serra de Mantiqueira, 800 m alt. fulviventris fulviventris T. granulosa Serra de Mantiqueira, 800 m alt. fulviventris fulviventris T. maximiliana garden in Teres6polis fulviventris fulviventris T. moricandiana Serra de Mantiqueira and Botanical Garden SP fulviventris guianae T. mutabilis Serra dos Orgaos, 900 m alt. fulviventris fulviventris T. spruceana savanna south of Rio Negro near Manaus fulviventris guianae T. stenocarpa Botanical Garden SP fulviventris fulviventris Tococa bullifera primary forest near Manaus fulviventris guianae T. coronata Madeira banks near Humaita hyalinata amazonensis T. longisepala black water flooded forest near Manaus williana, fulviventris guianae sible to catch all species of Trigona except for those working on the tall tree Tibouchina arborea. These were observed through binoculars and severed anthers were collected below the tree. Pollen analysis was done by staining pollen loads from bees in cotton blue and lactophenol overnight and scanning for non-melastomataceous pollen grains. A permanent preparation of pure pollen from each melastome species was prepared.