Viruses as potential regulators of regional brown tide blooms caused by the alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens
Viruses as potential regulators of regional brown tide blooms caused by the alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens
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DOI：
10.1007/bf02803565
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发表时间：
2004-02-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Bryan, M
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作者：
Gastrich, MD;Leigh-Bell, JA;Bryan, M
自1995年以来，棕潮生物嗜食金黄色球菌在新泽西州的沿海海湾和1985年以来在长岛的沿海海湾反复出现。1999-2000年在新泽西州的小蛋港发现了细胞内病毒样颗粒（VLPs），但没有确定细胞是否在褐潮结束时被感染。本研究的目的是确定2002年在新泽西和纽约的沿海海湾，VLPs感染和裂解无食异食拟虫的自然种群的频率是否与1999-2000年相同，特别是在水华结束时。我们的结果证实，在2002年新泽西州褐潮结束时，vlp感染细胞的比例最高（37.5%）。细胞内的VLPs在整个开花过程中都存在。可见感染细胞的百分比在开花开始时比在高峰期时要高。自然种群的细胞内vlp在大小和形状上是一致的（直径约为140 nm），与以往的研究结果相当。从2002年纽约和新泽西褐潮爆发期间的水体中提取的浓缩病毒分离物感染了体外培养的健康实验室嗜食异种绦虫。具有最高实验室病毒活性（裂解阳性）的病毒分离株是从具有最高病毒和细菌浓度的水样中浓缩出来的。在这些病毒感染的实验室培养物中，细胞内病毒的大小和形状与在自然种群中发现的病毒相似。从野外褐潮中成功分离出一种特异的嗜食假蝇病毒，感染自然种群和实验室感染培养物的VLP的超微结构相似，以及在褐潮活动期间的VLP感染模式，结合在褐潮结束时观察到的高百分比感染细胞。支持病毒可能是新泽西和纽约地区沿海海湾褐潮爆发的主要死亡原因的假设。
Blooms of the brown tide organism Aureococcus anophagefferens have recurred in the coastal bays in New Jersey since 1995 and in the coastal bays of Long Island since 1985. Intracellular viral-like particles (VLPs) were documented during 1999-2000 brown tide blooms in Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey, but it was not determined whether cells were infected during the termination of the bloom. The objective of this study was to determine if VLPs infected and lysed natural Populations of A. anophagefferens in coastal bays of New Jersey and New York in 2002 with the same frequency as in 1999-2000 and especially at the termination of the bloom. Our results confirmed that the highest percentage (37.5%) of VLP-infected cells occurred at the termination of the brown tide bloom in New Jersey in 2002. Intracellular VLPs were present throughout the bloom event. The percentage of visibly infected cells was higher at the beginning of the bloom than during the peak of the bloom. The intracellular VLPs in natural populations of A. anophagefferens were consistent in size and shape (approximately 140 nm in diameter) and comparable to those in previous studies. Concentrated viral isolates, prepared from waters during brown tide blooms in New York and New Jersey in 2002, infected healthy laboratory A. anophagefferens cultures in vitro. The viral isolates associated with the highest laboratory viral activity (lysis positive) were concentrated from water samples having the highest viral and bacteria concentrations. The intracellular viruses in these virally infected laboratory cultures of A. anophagefferens were similar in size and shape to those found in natural populations. The successful isolation of a virus specific to A. anophagefferens from a brown tide bloom in the field, the similarity of ultrastructure of VLPs infecting both natural populations and laboratory infected cultures, and the pattern of VLP infection during bloom activity in combination with the observed high percentage of VLP-infected cells during bloom termination, supports the hypothesis that viruses may be a major source of mortality for brown tide blooms in regional coastal bays of New Jersey and New York.