The Smoke Detector Principle
The Smoke Detector Principle
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烟雾探测器原理
DOI：
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发表时间：
2001
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
R. Nesse
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Nesse
摘要：从理论上讲，诸如逃跑、咳嗽、压力和焦虑等防御行为的表达程度应该接近于抵御给定威胁所需的最佳程度。然而，许多防御似乎表达得太快或太激烈。此外，使用药物抑制防御反应的不良影响非常少。对国防管制的信号检测分析有助于解决这一明显的矛盾。当表达全或无防御的成本与它所保护的潜在危害相比很低时，最佳系统将表达许多错误警报。当边际成本等于边际收益时，具有分级反应的防御被表达为最优程度，这一点可能与直观的最优程度有很大差异。基于这些原则的模型表明，许多防御的过度反应只是显而易见的，但它们也表明，在特定情况下，防御往往可以在不影响健康的情况下被抑制。烟雾探测器原理是决定何时可以安全使用药物来减轻痛苦和阻止防御的重要基础。
Abstract: Defenses, such as flight, cough, stress, and anxiety, should theoretically be expressed to a degree that is near the optimum needed to protect against a given threat. Many defenses seem, however, to be expressed too readily or too intensely. Furthermore, there are remarkably few untoward effects from using drugs to dampen defensive responses. A signal detection analysis of defense regulation can help to resolve this apparent paradox. When the cost of expressing an all‐or‐none defense is low compared to the potential harm it protects against, the optimal system will express many false alarms. Defenses with graded responses are expressed to the optimal degree when the marginal cost equals the marginal benefit, a point that may vary considerably from the intuitive optimum. Models based on these principles show that the overresponsiveness of many defenses is only apparent, but they also suggest that, in specific instances, defenses can often be dampened without compromising fitness. The smoke detector principle is an essential foundation for making decisions about when drugs can be used safely to relieve suffering and block defenses.