Coevolution and the effects of climate change on interacting species.
Coevolution and the effects of climate change on interacting species.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pbio.1001685
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发表时间：
2013-10
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Ives AR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Northfield TD;Ives AR
面对气候变化，物种间相互作用对生存的影响取决于物种利益是否冲突。最近的研究表明，环境变化可能会打破相互作用的物种之间的平衡，导致一个或多个物种的灭绝。虽然人们认识到进化将在决定环境变化如何直接影响物种方面发挥作用，但物种之间的相互作用迫使我们考虑物种对环境变化的共同进化反应。我们使用竞争、捕食和互惠的简单模型来组织和综合当气候变化有利于一个物种而不是另一个物种时，共同进化改变物种相互作用的方式。在物种利益冲突的情况下（即，选择一个物种增加种间相互作用强度对另一个物种有害），我们表明共同进化减少了气候变化的影响，导致丰度变化较小，减少了灭绝的机会。相反，当物种之间没有利益冲突时（即，选择一个物种增加种间相互作用强度对另一个物种有利），共同进化增加了气候变化的影响。共同进化建立了反馈回路，根据共同进化对物种相互作用的影响是冲突的还是非冲突的，这些反馈回路要么抑制要么放大环境变化对物种丰度的影响。因此，更好地了解相互作用的物种之间的共同进化过程对于理解群落如何应对气候变化至关重要。我们建议采用实验方法来确定哪种类型的共同进化（冲突或非冲突）驱动物种相互作用，这将有助于更好地理解共同进化对物种适应的影响。跨环境梯度进行这些实验将检验我们对环境变化和共同进化对生态群落影响的预测。最近的研究表明，环境变化可能会打破物种之间相互作用的平衡，导致一个或多个物种的灭绝。虽然人们认识到进化会改变环境变化直接影响单个物种的方式，但物种之间的相互作用迫使我们也考虑物种相互作用本身的进化。我们使用竞争、捕食和互惠的简单模型来评估当气候变化有利于一个物种而不是另一个物种时，共同进化对相互作用物种丰度的影响。在物种之间存在利益冲突的情况下（例如，为了增强相互作用而对一个物种进行的选择对另一个物种是有害的，例如一个生物对竞争对手变得更有攻击性），我们表明，共同进化减少了气候变化的影响，导致丰度的变化较小，减少了灭绝的机会。相反，当物种之间没有利益冲突时（即，选择一个物种增加相互作用强度使另一个物种受益，例如一个生物避免与其他物种竞争），共同进化增加了气候变化的影响。因此，更好地了解相互作用的物种之间共同进化的本质对于理解群落如何应对气候变化至关重要。
The effects on survival of species-species interaction in the face of a changing climate depend on whether the species' interests are conflicting or non-conflicting. Recent studies suggest that environmental changes may tip the balance between interacting species, leading to the extinction of one or more species. While it is recognized that evolution will play a role in determining how environmental changes directly affect species, the interactions among species force us to consider the coevolutionary responses of species to environmental changes. We use simple models of competition, predation, and mutualism to organize and synthesize the ways coevolution modifies species interactions when climatic changes favor one species over another. In cases where species have conflicting interests (i.e., selection for increased interspecific interaction strength on one species is detrimental to the other), we show that coevolution reduces the effects of climate change, leading to smaller changes in abundances and reduced chances of extinction. Conversely, when species have nonconflicting interests (i.e., selection for increased interspecific interaction strength on one species benefits the other), coevolution increases the effects of climate change. Coevolution sets up feedback loops that either dampen or amplify the effect of environmental change on species abundances depending on whether coevolution has conflicting or nonconflicting effects on species interactions. Thus, gaining a better understanding of the coevolutionary processes between interacting species is critical for understanding how communities respond to a changing climate. We suggest experimental methods to determine which types of coevolution (conflicting or nonconflicting) drive species interactions, which should lead to better understanding of the effects of coevolution on species adaptation. Conducting these experiments across environmental gradients will test our predictions of the effects of environmental change and coevolution on ecological communities. Recent studies suggest that environmental changes may tip the balance between species that interact with each other, leading to the extinction of one or more species. While it is recognized that evolution will alter the way environmental changes directly affect individual species, the interactions between species force us to also consider the evolution of species interactions themselves. We use simple models of competition, predation, and mutualism to evaluate the effect of coevolution on the abundance of interacting species when climatic changes favor one species over another. In cases where the species have conflicting interests (i.e., where selection on one species for increased strength of the interaction is detrimental to the other, such as an organism becoming more aggressive towards competitors), we show that coevolution reduces the effects of climate change, leading to smaller changes in abundances and reduced chances of extinction. Conversely, when the species have nonconflicting interests (i.e., where selection for increased interaction strength on one species benefits the other, such as an organism avoiding competition with other species), coevolution increases the effects of climate change. Thus, gaining a better understanding of the nature of the coevolution between interacting species is critical for understanding how communities respond to a changing climate.