Were Obedience Pressures A Factor in the Holocaust?
Were Obedience Pressures A Factor in the Holocaust?
复制标题
服从压力是大屠杀的一个因素吗？
DOI：
10.1515/auk-1998-0104
复制
发表时间：
1998
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
A. Fenigstein
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Fenigstein
许多学者认为，米尔格拉姆关于服从的实验室研究对大屠杀肇事者的行为进行了精辟的分析。本文件反对这一立场。这两个事件之间的对比，在每一个分析层面上，都是惊人的：在米尔格拉姆的研究中，无辜的同龄人在科学的背景下受到伤害;在大屠杀中，疯狂憎恨，非人类的敌人在“战争”的背景下被谋杀。关于潜在的心理机制，质疑米尔格拉姆研究相关性的证据同样令人信服：服从压力在大屠杀中几乎没有作用。大多数纳粹罪犯对谋杀没有表现出悔恨或道德上的痛苦，也许最关键的是，几乎所有的杀手都知道他们可以选择不参与杀戮。
Abstract A number of scholars have suggested that Milgram’s laboratory studies of obedience offer an incisive analysis of the behavior of the Holocaust perpetrators. The present paper rejects that position. The contrasts between the two events, at every level of analysis, are striking: In Milgram’s research, innocent peers were harmed in the context of science; in the Holocaust, rabidly hated, subhuman enemies were murdered in the context of ‘war’. With regard to underlying psychological mechanisms, the evidence questioning the relevance of Milgram’s research is equally compelling: obedience pressures had little role in the Holocaust. Most of the Nazi perpetrators showed no remorse or moral distress over the murders and perhaps most critically, virtually all of the killers knew that they could choose not to participate in the killings.