Thirty years after the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Progress and challenges in building statistical evidence on violence against children
Thirty years after the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Progress and challenges in building statistical evidence on violence against children
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DOI：
10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104460
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发表时间：
2020-12-01
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Petrowski, Nicole
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cappa, Claudia;Petrowski, Nicole
保护儿童免遭一切形式的暴力是《儿童权利公约》（联合国大会，1989年）和其他国际条约所保障的一项基本权利。然而，越来越多的统计证据表明，儿童广泛接触到新旧形式的暴力，从严厉的纪律方法到网络欺凌。近年来，关于暴力侵害儿童行为的数据显著增加，使人们能够更准确地了解暴力侵害儿童行为的严重程度和潜在风险因素（联合国儿童基金会，2014年和2017年）。取得这一成就的部分原因是在多主题调查中纳入了与暴力有关的问题，以及专门用于收集有关儿童暴力经历的信息的国家研究激增。多指标类集调查（多指标类集调查，方案网站）和人口与健康调查（DHS，方案网站）等国际住户调查方案在其标准问卷中纳入了关于遭受体罚、心理攻击、性虐待和亲密伴侣暴力的模块。全球校本学生健康调查（GSHS，方案网站）和学龄儿童健康行为研究（HBSC，方案网站）试图捕捉不同形式的同伴暴力。针对儿童的暴力行为调查（VACS，方案网站）在15个国家测量了男孩和女孩的受害情况。通过这些来源收集的数据表明，针对儿童的暴力行为既普遍又普遍：全世界约有四分之三的2至4岁幼儿经常受到家中照顾者的体罚和/或心理攻击（联合国儿童基金会，2017）；13-15岁的学生中有一半在学校内外遭受过同伴间暴力（联合国儿童基金会，2018年）；三分之一的15-19岁少女在其生命的某个阶段成为亲密伴侣暴力的受害者（联合国儿童基金会，2014年）。虽然现有证据已经开始揭示暴力侵害儿童的全球性质，以及暴力惩戒等某些形式影响所有儿童的事实，无论其社会经济地位如何，但数据也证实了某些儿童群体由于性别（联合国儿童基金会，2014年）或种族（联合国儿童基金会，2017年）等个体特征而具有脆弱性。由于只有少数国家定期收集可比较的数据，因此很难评估随着时间的推移，在减少对儿童的暴力行为方面是否取得了重大进展。
The protection of children from all forms of violence is a fundamental right guaranteed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child (United Nations General Assembly, 1989) and other international treaties. Yet an increasing body of statistical evidence documents children’s widespread exposure to old and new forms of violence, from harsh disciplinary methods to online bullying.The availability of data on violence against children has significantly increased in recent years, allowing a more refined understanding of the magnitude and underlying risk factors (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2014 and 2017). This achievement is due in part to the integration of violence-related questions in multitopic surveys as well as the surge in national studies dedicated exclusively to capturing information on children’s experiences of violence. International household survey programmes such as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS, programme website) and the Demographic & Health Surveys (DHS, programme website) have incorporated modules on exposure to corporal punishment, psychological aggression, sexual abuse and intimate partner violence in their standard questionnaires. The Global School-based Student Health Surveys (GSHS, programme website) and the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study (HBSC, programme website) have sought to capture different forms of peer violence. Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS, programme website) have measured boys’ and girls’ victimization in fifteen countries. The data collected through these sources indicate that violence against children is both common and widespread: roughly 3 in 4 young children between the ages of 2 and 4 years worldwide are regularly subjected to physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the home (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2017); half of students aged 13–15 experience peer-to-peer violence in and around school (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2018); and one in three adolescent girls aged 15–19 years have been victims of intimate partner violence at some point in their lives (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2014). While the available evidence has begun to shed light on the global nature of violence against children and the fact that some forms, like violent discipline, affect all children regardless of socioeconomic status, data have also confirmed the vulnerability of certain groups of children due to individual characteristics such as sex (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2014) or race (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2017). And because only a handful of countries have collected comparable data at regular intervals, it is difficult to assess whether there has been any significant progress in reducing violence against children over time.