Seasonality in Offspring Value and Trade-Offs with Growth Explain Capital Breeding
Seasonality in Offspring Value and Trade-Offs with Growth Explain Capital Breeding
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DOI：
10.1086/683119
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发表时间：
2015-11-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Kozlowski, Jan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ejsmond, Maciej Jan;Varpe, Oystein;Kozlowski, Jan
繁殖基于储备（资本育种）和/或当前获取（收入育种）的程度驱动了生物体生命史的广泛变化。从本质上讲，纯粹的收入和资本培育是多样性连续体的端点，其最终驱动因素人们知之甚少。为了研究资本和收入育种的适应性价值，我们提出了多年生生物体生命史的年度常规模型，其中出生时的繁殖价值随季节变化。模式生物分配时间和资源来生长、繁殖和储存。我们的模型预测，当出生时间影响后代的繁殖价值时，资本育种是适应性的。季节性越强，就越有时间致力于资本培育和成熟后的增长（不确定增长），而不是收入培育。这是因为储存和生长是在后代价值较低时对未来（剩余）繁殖进行的投资。储存是通过资本培育对后代的短期投资；增长是对生殖潜力的长期投资。由于模拟的生产率随体型大小的增加并不呈线性关系，因此较大生物体的生长带来的收益递减，有利于资本育种。建立存储需要时间，这限制了增长机会，我们首次表明，在季节性环境中，资本培育的程度通过分配权衡与不确定种植者的体型紧密相关。
The degree to which reproduction is based on reserves (capital breeding) and/or current acquisition (income breeding) drives extensive variation in organism life histories. In nature, pure income and capital breeding are endpoints of a continuum of diversity whose ultimate drivers are poorly understood. To study the adaptive value of capital and income breeding, we present an annual routine model of the life history of a perennial organism where reproductive value at birth varies seasonally. The model organisms allocate time and resources to growth, reproduction, and storage. Our model predicts that capital breeding is adaptive when timing of birth affects offspring reproductive value. The stronger the seasonality, the more time is dedicated to capital breeding and growth after maturation (indeterminate growth) instead of income breeding. This is because storage and growth are investments in future (residual) reproduction taken at times when offspring value is low. Storage is a short-term investment in offspring through capital breeding; growth is a long-term investment in reproductive potential. Because the modeled production rate increases less than linearly with body size, growth brings diminishing returns for larger organisms, favoring capital breeding. Building storage requires time, which limits growth opportunities, and we show for the first time that in seasonal environments, the degree of capital breeding is tightly linked to body size of indeterminate growers through allocation trade-offs.