Calcareous sponges from the French Polynesia (Porifera: Calcarea).
Calcareous sponges from the French Polynesia (Porifera: Calcarea).
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来自法属波利尼西亚的钙质海绵（Porifera：Calcarea）。
作者：
M. Klautau;M. V. Lopes;C. Debitus
尽管法属波利尼西亚珊瑚礁是世界上研究最深入的珊瑚礁之一，但人们对海绵仍然知之甚少，法属波利尼西亚仅描述了 199 种海绵或 OTU，其中 OTU 水平有 167 种，物种水平有 32 种。在这 199 个物种中，只有 5 个是钙质海绵。由于这个数字可能被低估，因此本工作的目的是研究法属波利尼西亚钙质海绵的多样性。因此，SCUBA 在 3 至 60 m 的深度对不同的法属波利尼西亚群岛进行了勘察。使用形态学和分子（ITS 和 C-LSU）工具进行鉴定。我们总共发现了九种 Calcarea，包括五个不同的属。有五个物种是科学上的新物种：Cathrina fakaravae sp。十一月，Cathrina huahineae sp。十一月，Ernstia variabilis sp。十一月，Leucascus digitaliformis sp。 11 月，和 Leucandra tahuatae sp。十一月通过目前的工作，法属波利尼西亚在物种层面上已识别的海绵数量从 32 种增加到 41 种。我们小组回忆起的唯一已知的法属波利尼西亚钙质海绵是 Leucetta chagosensis。我们的研究结果表明，东印太地区与中印太地区和西印太地区表现出更强的亲和力。有四个物种支持这些亲和力：Ascandra cf.此前仅见于巴布亚新几内亚的crewsi、南澳大利亚的Leucascus simplex、以及印度-太平洋地区广泛分布的Leucetta chagosensis和L. microraphis。然而，这两个 Leucetta 物种很可能代表物种复合体。分子标记 ITS 和 C-LSU 再次帮助鉴定钙质海绵，表明综合分类学的重要性。尽管我们的工作使法属波利尼西亚钙质海绵的多样性增加了 250%（6 spp 至 15 spp），但这个数字很可能仍然被低估。
Although the French Polynesian reefs are among the most well studied reefs of the world, sponges are still poorly known, with only 199 species or OTUs of sponges having been described from French Polynesia, 167 at an OTU level and 32 at a species level. From those 199 species, just five are calcareous sponges. As it is possible that this number is underestimated, the aim of the present work was to study the diversity of calcareous sponges from French Polynesia. Hence, different French Polynesian archipelagos were surveyed by SCUBA from 3 to 60 m of depth. Identifications were performed using morphological and molecular (ITS and C-LSU) tools. We found a total of nine species of Calcarea, comprising five different genera. Five species are new to science: Clathrina fakaravae sp. nov., Clathrina huahineae sp. nov., Ernstia variabilis sp. nov., Leucascus digitiformis sp. nov., and Leucandra tahuatae sp. nov. With the present work, the number of identified sponges from French Polynesia at a species level increased from 32 to 41. The only calcareous sponge previously known from French Polynesia that was recollected by our group was Leucetta chagosensis. Our results suggest that the Eastern Indo-Pacific Realm shows more affinity with the Central and the Western Indo-Pacific Realms. Four species supported these affinities: Ascandra cf. crewsi, previously known only from Papua New Guinea, Leucascus simplex from South Australia, and Leucetta chagosensis and L. microraphis, both widespread species in the Indo-Pacific. These two Leucetta species, however, most likely represent species complexes. Once again the molecular markers ITS and C-LSU helped in the identification of calcareous sponges, showing how important is an integrative taxonomy. Although our work has increased in 250% (6 spp to 15 spp) the diversity of calcareous sponges in French Polynesia, it is most possible that this number is still underestimated.