Origins, phytogeny and taxonomy of the gadfly petrels Pterodroma spp
Origins, phytogeny and taxonomy of the gadfly petrels Pterodroma spp
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牛虻海燕的起源、植物发生和分类学
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发表时间：
2008
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通讯作者：
M. Imber
中科院分区：
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作者：
M. Imber
牛虻海燕的分类特征并重新定义了该属。上肠的结构，在大多数物种中已经变成不同程度的螺旋状扭曲，是一个重要的特征，迄今尚未使用。主要基于螺旋肠的发展属的系统发育研究的结果基本上同意从寄生在这些海燕的Mallophaga的研究结果。一个物种，Kerguelen海燕Lugensa brevirostris，以前被归类于Pterodroma，被证明与一些fulmar属有更密切的关系。大溪地海燕Pseudobulweria rostrata及其稀有或灭绝的近亲，以前被归入Pterodroma的超级种，与Procellaria和Bulweria海燕关系更密切，并且可能源自Procellariinae亚科和Fulmarinae亚科之间的联系。根据化石记录、解剖特征和食毛动物的分类特点，提出了一个支持单系起源的单系系统。牛虻海燕显然是从管鼻海燕经过雪海燕Pagodroma，Kerguelen海燕和最后的蓝海燕Halobaena的祖先血统，它们可能分别产生了牛虻海燕和朊病毒Pachyptila。Pterodroma的上新世晚期起源可能在新西兰南部附近。该属Pterodroma分为四个亚属，代表四个相连的辐射，和29种被确认。在可能的时间顺序中，Proaestrelata（新亚属）包含5个物种，仅限于太平洋，Cookilaria包含6个物种，仅限于南太平洋的繁殖者，Hallstroma有7个物种，主要分布在太平洋，印度洋和南大西洋的热带地区，而Pterodroma包括11个物种，从西南太平洋向西延伸到南大西洋和北大西洋。讨论了在进化过程中的生态适应、物理适应和生理适应。
Taxonomic characters of gadfly petrels (Procellariidae: Pterodroma spp.) are reviewed and the genus is redefined. The structure of the upper intestines, which have become helicoidally twisted to varying degrees in most species, is an important character not hitherto used. Results of a phylogenetic study of the genus based mainly on the development of helicoidal intestines agree substantially with findings from studies of the Mallophaga parasitizing these petrels. One species, the Kerguelen Petrel Lugensa brevirostris, previously classified in Pterodroma, is shown to have closer affinity with some fulmar genera. The Tahiti Petrel Pseudobulweria rostrata and its rare or extinct relatives, formerly placed in a superspecies of Pterodroma, are more closely related to the Procellaria and Bulweria petrels, and may be derived from the link between the subfamilies Procellariinae and Fulmarinae. From consideration of the fossil record, anatomical characters and Mallophaga, a phylogeny of the Procellariidae is proposed which supports its monophyletic origin. Gadfly petrels apparently descended from the fulmars through the ancestral lines of Snow Petrels Pagodroma, the Kerguelen Petrel and finally the Blue Petrel Halobaena, which may have given rise separately both to gadfly petrels and to the prions Pachyptila. A late Pliocene origin of Pterodroma in the vicinity of southern New Zealand is possible. The genus Pterodroma is divided into four subgenera, representing four connected radiations, and 29 species are recognised. In probable chronological order, Proaestrelata (new subgenus) contains five species and is restricted to the Pacific Ocean, Cookilaria comprises six species restricted as breeders to the South Pacific, Hallstroma has seven species mainly in the tropics of the Pacific, Indian and South Atlantic Oceans, whereas Pterodroma includes 11 species which extend as breeders from the southwest Pacific west to the South Atlantic and into the North Atlantic. Ecological, physical and physiological adaptations in the evolution of gadfly petrels are discussed.