Distinct Features of Brain-Resident Macrophages: Microglia and Non-Parenchymal Brain Macrophages.
Distinct Features of Brain-Resident Macrophages: Microglia and Non-Parenchymal Brain Macrophages.
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DOI：
10.14348/molcells.2021.0060
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发表时间：
2021-05-31
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Yu JW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lee E;Eo JC;Lee C;Yu JW
组织驻留巨噬细胞在维持组织内环境平衡和抵抗入侵的微生物病原体的天然免疫防御中发挥着重要作用。驻留脑的巨噬细胞可分为脑实质中的小胶质细胞和脑-循环界面中的非实质脑巨噬细胞，也称为中枢神经系统相关或边界相关的巨噬细胞。小胶质细胞和非实质脑巨噬细胞，包括脑膜巨噬细胞、血管周围巨噬细胞和脉络丛巨噬细胞，大多在胚胎发育期间产生，并通过自我更新维持其种群。小胶质细胞因其在维持脑内稳态和诱导神经炎症中的双重作用而备受关注。特别是，在病理条件下，小胶质细胞的不同表型已经被越来越多地识别出来。单细胞表型分析表明，小胶质细胞具有高度异质性和可塑性，由于小胶质细胞的复杂性，很难将其状态定义为M1/M2或静止/激活状态。同时，非实质性脑巨噬细胞的生理功能仍有待充分研究。本文综述了脑内巨噬细胞的起源和特征，并讨论了小胶质细胞的独特特征，特别是其表型极化、亚型的多样性以及与神经退行性疾病相关的炎症体反应。
Tissue-resident macrophages play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and innate immune defense against invading microbial pathogens. Brain-resident macrophages can be classified into microglia in the brain parenchyma and non-parenchymal brain macrophages, also known as central nervous system-associated or border-associated macrophages, in the brain-circulation interface. Microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophages, including meningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages, are mostly produced during embryonic development, and maintained their population by self-renewal. Microglia have gained much attention for their dual roles in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and the induction of neuroinflammation. In particular, diverse phenotypes of microglia have been increasingly identified under pathological conditions. Single-cell phenotypic analysis revealed that microglia are highly heterogenous and plastic, thus it is difficult to define the status of microglia as M1/M2 or resting/activated state due to complex nature of microglia. Meanwhile, physiological function of non-parenchymal brain macrophages remain to be fully demonstrated. In this review, we have summarized the origin and signatures of brain-resident macrophages and discussed the unique features of microglia, particularly, their phenotypic polarization, diversity of subtypes, and inflammasome responses related to neurodegenerative diseases.