From charity to welfare rights? A study of social care practices
From charity to welfare rights? A study of social care practices
复制标题
从慈善到福利权？
作者：
Thomas Maeseele
[1]在社会工作中，可以观察到从慈善和慈善事业到社会福利权利的转变，作为社会服务提供的基础（Jacobs 1984; Goodin 1988; Harris 2008）。第二次世界大战后，福利国家迅速发展，并引入了社会保障制度（在比利时，通过1944年的社会契约）。在比利时，公共社会服务是通过立法的连续变化而发展起来的。最重要的转折点是1974年通过了《最低基本收入法》和1976年通过了《社会福利公共中心法》。BMI是社会保障体系的最后一部分（Simoens等人，2001年）。《社会福利法》第1条规定，人人有权享受社会福利，目的是保障每个公民都能过上有尊严的生活。第57条规定，社区有义务保障社会福利权，社会福利委员会必须确保这项权利。1976年的法律被几位学者（Pieters 1980-1981; Luyten 2008）描述为社会福利角度的哥白尼革命，以及比利时社会福利规定中从慈善和慈善事业到社会福利权利的过渡。然而，一些学者批评了对这一权利的具体翻译，并指出慈善仍然是制度和意识形态的基础（Notredame 2005）。在这方面，Hubeau（1995年）指出，目前对这项权利的解释往往是最低限度的。由于权利可以以不同的方式解释和实施（Ife，2001年），而且社会工作者应被视为政策制定者（Lipsky，1980年; Evans & Harris，2004年;鲁塞，2006年），因此必须研究具体的社会实践，以了解实际情况，从而了解观察到的和上述的过渡。
1 In social work a transition is observed from charity and philanthropy to a right to social welfare as the base for social service delivery (Jacobs 1984; Goodin 1988; Harris 2008). After the Second World War, welfare states were developing rapidly and social security systems were introduced (in Belgium, through the social pact of 1944). In Belgium, the public social services developed through successive changes in the legislation. The most important turning points were the adoption of the law on a Basic Minimum Income (BMI) in 1974 and the law on the Public Centres for Social Welfare (PCSW) in 1976. The BMI was the final piece of the social security system (Simoens et al. 2001). In the law on the PCSW, in article 1 it is stated that everyone has the right to social welfare with the aim of guaranteeing that every citizen can live a life in human dignity. In article 57, it is stated that the community is bound to guaranteeing the right to social welfare and that this right has to be ensured by the PCSW. The law of 1976 is characterised by several scholars (Pieters 1980-1981; Luyten 2008) as a Copernican revolution in the perspective on social welfare and as the transition from charity and philanthropy to a right to social welfare in Belgian social welfare provision. Several scholars however criticise the specific translations made of this right and state that charity is still institutionally and ideologically embedded (Notredame 2005). In that vein, Hubeau (1995) states that the current interpretation of this right tends to be minimalistic. Because rights can be interpreted and implemented in different ways (Ife 2001) and because social workers should be considered as policy makers (Lipsky 1980; Evans & Harris 2004; Roose 2006) it is essential to study concrete social practices to gain insight about the actual situation and consequently about the observed and above mentioned transition.