Application of the numerical snowpack model (SNOWPACK) to the wet-snow region in Japan
Application of the numerical snowpack model (SNOWPACK) to the wet-snow region in Japan
复制标题
数值积雪模型（SNOWPACK）在日本湿雪地区的应用
DOI：
10.3189/172756404781815239
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
M. Lehning
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Yamaguchi;A. Sato;M. Lehning
摘要将雪盖模型SNOWPACK应用于日本湿雪区。模拟的雪类型，雪深和重量，雪密度，温度和液态水含量的配置文件的变化进行了比较与雪坑测量。初冬期间的雪深模拟与测量结果一致，但在融化季节的过程中，模拟与测量结果之间的差异有所增加。这些差异是由于低估了雪表面的能量平衡，主要是融化季节的感热通量。这种低估是由热输运方程的隐式数值处理引起的。与低估的融雪相一致，模拟变形的压实颗粒融化的形式是慢于测量所示的变化，和刻面的雪颗粒，这构成了雪的类型，实际上并没有发现在研究领域，有时出现在模型中。不准确的熔体处理也影响了模拟密度，其大于小密度下的测量值，而小于大密度下的测量值。在日本采用湿雪的经验压缩粘度公式时，达到了更高的精度。一个新版本的SNOWPACK，具有精确的处理熔化过程，是可用的。
Abstract The snow-cover model SNOWPACK was applied to the wet-snow areas of Japan. Simulated variations of snow type, snow depth and weight, profiles of snow density, temperature and liquid-water content were compared with snow-pit measurements. The snow-depth simulation during early winter agreed with the measurements, but the differences between the simulation and the measurements increased during the course of the melt season. These differences were caused by underestimation of the energy balance at the snow surface, mainly that regarding sensible-heat flux during the melt season. The underestimation was caused by the implicit numerical treatment of the heat-transport equation. Consistent with the underestimation of snowmelt, simulated metamorphosis of compacted particles into melt forms was slower than the change shown by the measurements, and faceted snow particles, which constitute a snow type not actually found in the study area, sometimes appeared in the model. The inaccurate melt treatment also influenced simulated densities, which were larger than the measurements at small densities, while they were smaller than the measurements at large densities. Greater accuracy was achieved when an empirical compressive viscosity formulation for wet snows in Japan was introduced. A new version of SNOWPACK, with an accurate treatment of melt processes, is available.