Do Sex-Related Cognitive Differences Exist, and Why do People Seek them Out?
Do Sex-Related Cognitive Differences Exist, and Why do People Seek them Out?
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与性别相关的认知差异是否存在？人们为什么要寻找它们？
DOI：
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112917.003.0003
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Caplan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Caplan;J. Caplan
目前生活在英语世界的大多数人都被认为不同种族或不同性别的人彼此有不同的想法。19世纪世纪的社会达尔文主义者有效地说服了大众，男性比女性更聪明，”白色”人比其他”种族”的成员更聪明，”非白色”女性因此是所有人类中最不聪明的（例如，Mobius，1901; Romanes，1887;见Gildiner，1977）。(We在这些术语周围加上引号，以引起注意这样一个事实，即尽管它们通常被用作明确和无可争议的类别，但它们的含义和边界实际上是模糊的。这些出于政治动机的说法被广泛接受为真实的，并被认为得到了良好的科学研究的支持。当时，政治、社会和经济权力不成比例地集中在白色男性手中，几乎所有所谓的科学研究人员都来自这个享有高度特权的群体。总的来说，当时和现在一样，研究人员倾向于提出明显的证据，证明白色男人是最聪明的人。这使得将种族化的男女以及白色女性排除在有影响力或高薪职位之外变得更容易，使用这样的论点：“你不能让非洲裔美国人（或女性）管理国家，因为他们不知道如何思考外交政策和政府预算等智力要求很高的问题。“就这样，劣质的科学被用来证明
Most people currently living in the English-speaking world have been raised to expect that people of different races or different sexes think differently from each other. Social Darwinists in the 19th century had effectively done the work of convincing the populace that males were more intelligent than females, that" White" people were more intelligent than members of other" races," and that" non-White" women were, accordingly, the least intelligent of all humans (for example, Mobius, 1901; Romanes, 1887; see Gildiner, 1977).(We put quotation marks around these terms to draw attention to the fact that, while generally used as though they were clear-cut and indisputable categories, their meanings and boundaries are, in fact, fuzzy.) These politically motivated claims were widely accepted as true and thought to be backed up by well-conducted scientific research. Then, even more than now, political, social, and economic power was disproportionately concentrated in the hands of White men, and almost all of the so-called scientific researchers came from that highly privileged group. In general, then as now, researchers tended to produce apparent evidence that White men were the most intelligent humans. This made it easier to justify keeping racialized people of both sexes, as well as White women, out of influential or highly paid positions, using such arguments as:" You can't let African Americans (or women) run the country, because they don't know how to think about intellectually demanding issues like foreign policy and governmental budgets." In this way shoddy science was used to justify