Ethnic Origins, Crime, and Criminal Justice in England and Wales
Ethnic Origins, Crime, and Criminal Justice in England and Wales
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英格兰和威尔士的种族起源、犯罪和刑事司法
DOI：
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
David J. Smith
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文献类型：
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作者：
David J. Smith
英国的主要少数民族是从西印度群岛和印度次大陆移民过来的。南亚人采取了基于家庭，宗教和种族社区的生存策略，而非洲-加勒比人最初采取了更外向和融合的策略。这两个群体在就业和住房领域受到的种族歧视程度相似。目前，黑人的监禁率是白人或南亚人的7倍。鉴于现有证据不完整，认为这种差异主要是由于执法和刑事诉讼各个阶段的累积偏见造成的理论是不可信的。有证据表明，执法的目标是黑人，刑事诉讼的某些阶段对他们有偏见，刑事司法系统使用的明显中立的标准对他们不利;但这些影响与监禁率的差异相比很小。尽管来自一项主要的自我报告研究的证据相互矛盾，但黑人的实际犯罪率很可能比其他群体高得多。
The main ethnic minorities in Britain arise from postcolonial migrations from the West Indies and the Indian subcontinent. South Asians adopted survival strategies based on the family, religion, and ethnic community, whereas Afro-Caribbeans initially adopted more outgoing and integrative strategies. Both groups have been subject to similar levels of racial discrimination in the fields of employment and housing. The rate of imprisonment of black people is currently seven times that of whites or South Asians. The theory that this disparity is mostly caused by cumulative bias at the various stages of law enforcement and criminal process is implausible in the light of the fragmentary evidence available. There is evidence that law enforcement targets black people, that certain stages of criminal process are biased against them, and that apparently neutral criteria used by the criminal justice system work to their disadvantage; but these effects are small compared with the disparity in rates of imprisonment. Despite conflicting evidence from a major self-report study, it is likely that the actual offending rate is substantially higher among black people than among other groups.