Effects of diuron and other aerially applied cotton herbicides and defoliants on the plankton communities of aquaculture ponds
Effects of diuron and other aerially applied cotton herbicides and defoliants on the plankton communities of aquaculture ponds
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.09.029
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发表时间：
2004-04-26
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Ludwig, GM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Perschbacher, PW;Ludwig, GM
对七种空中使用的棉花除草剂和落叶剂进行了测试，以确定对池塘浮游植物和浮游动物可能产生的不利影响以及关键水质变量。处理模拟池塘直接喷洒，高、低漂移量分别以1/10和1/100的直接率判断能够到达池塘。研究是在12个500-1室外池塘中进行的，池塘里装满了邻近金鱼养殖池的池水。分别在涂抹前、涂抹后24小时和48小时采集浮游生物和水质样本。对显示效果的化学品的采样大约每周进行一次，直到漂移处理的氧气水平恢复到与对照没有显着差异。被测化学药剂和直接率(千克有效成分ha(-1))为敌草隆(1.4)、百草枯(0.83)、精草隆(0.0 5)、敌草净(0.15)、敌草隆(0.1675)、乙烯利(0.176)、敌敌畏(0.99)和氯酸钠(5.2 8)。除敌草隆化合物外，棉花除草剂和落叶剂对池塘浮游生物或相关水质没有可测量的影响。作为除草剂的敌草隆在3月5日使用后，与敌草隆浓度相关的叶绿素a水平和光合作用显著受到抑制。恢复缓慢，在高漂移剂量下，第三周早晨的氧气水平恢复到接近对照水平，尽管叶绿素a水平是对照的1/3。然而，在第3周，异味蓝藻--莱文鱼腥藻基本上被消除了；在高漂移处理中，pH值和非离子态氨含量要低得多。第2周时，桡足类成虫和无节幼体浮游动物数量均受到抑制，但低漂移处理的轮虫数量在第3周和第4周有所增加，而无节幼体的轮虫数量在第3周有所增加。敌草隆漂移的主要不利影响是对溶解氧水平的影响，通过提供足够的曝气能力可以预见到这一影响。(C)2004爱思唯尔B.V.保留所有权利。
Seven aerially applied cotton herbicides and defoliants were tested for possible adverse impacts on pond phytoplankton and zooplankton and critical water quality variables. Treatments simulated direct spraying of ponds and high and low amounts of drift judged able to reach the pond, 1/10 and 1/100 direct rates, respectively. The study was conducted in twelve 500-1 outdoor pool mesocosms filled with pond water from an adjacent goldfish Carassius auratus culture pond. Plankton and water quality samples were taken just prior to application and at 24 and 48 h after application. Sampling for chemicals showing effects were continued approximately weekly until oxygen levels in drift treatments returned to no significant difference from control. Chemicals tested and direct rates (kg active ingredient ha(-1)) were diuron as herbicide (1.4), paraquat (0.83), quizalofop (0.05), dimethipin (0.15), diuron as defoliant (0.1675), ethephon (0.176), tribufos (0.99) and sodium chlorate (5.28). Except for the diuron compounds, the cotton herbicides and defoliants produced no measurable impacts on pond plankton or associated water quality. Following application on March 5 of diuron, used as an herbicide, chlorophyll a levels and photosynthesis were significantly depressed in relation to diuron concentration. Recovery occurred slowly, and at the high drift dosage by week 3 morning oxygen levels returned to near control levels, although chlorophyll a levels were 1/3 the control. However, the off-flavor cyanobacterium, Anabaena laevendri, was essentially eliminated by week 3; and pH and thus unionized ammonia were much lower in high drift treatments. Copepod adult and nauplii zooplankton levels were depressed at week 2. However, rotifer numbers increased in the low drift treatment in weeks 3 and 4 and those of copepod nauplii in week 3. Fall application of diuron, as a defoliant at 1/10 the spring rate, produced similar effects when compared by concentration. The main adverse impact of diuron drift is on dissolved oxygen levels and can be anticipated by provision of adequate aeration capacity. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.