Chemical Diversity of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquifolium, and Panax notoginseng.
Chemical Diversity of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquifolium, and Panax notoginseng.
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DOI：
10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.1
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发表时间：
2012-01
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Kim DH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kim DH
商品人参主要有朝鲜人参、西洋参和三七。三七(FH Chen)。人参是最常用的适应剂，已被证明具有增强体能、促进活力、提高抗应激和抗衰老能力，并具有免疫调节活性。这些人参中含有皂苷，可分为丹马烷型、奥的洛尔型和齐墩果烷型低聚糖苷，其中以多糖为主要成分。丹参皂苷通过蒸煮和加热转化为人参皂苷Rg3、Rg5和Rk1等化合物，并通过肠道微生物群代谢成化合物K、人参皂苷Rh1、原人参三醇和人参三醇。这些代谢物是非极性的，具有药理活性，很容易从胃肠道吸收。然而，将这些成分代谢成生物活性化合物的活动在个体之间存在显著差异，因为所有个体都具有特有的本土肠道细菌菌株。为了克服这种差异，用酶或微生物发酵的人参已经被开发出来。
The major commercial ginsengs are Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean ginseng), P. quinquifolium L. (American ginseng), and P. notoginseng (Burk.) FH Chen (Notoginseng). P. ginseng is the most commonly used as an adaptogenic agent and has been shown to enhance physical performance, promote vitality, increase resistance to stress and aging, and have immunomodulatory activity. These ginsengs contain saponins, which can be classified as dammarane-type, ocotillol-type and oleanane-type oligoglycosides, and polysaccharides as main constituents. Dammarane ginsenosides are transformed into compounds such as the ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 by steaming and heating and are metabolized into metabolites such as compound K, ginsenoside Rh1, protoand panaxatriol by intestinal microflora. These metabolites are nonpolar, pharmacologically active and easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. However, the activities metabolizing these constituents into bioactive compounds differ significantly among individuals because all individuals possess characteristic indigenous strains of intestinal bacteria. To overcome this difference, ginsengs fermented with enzymes or microbes have been developed.