Additive Manufacturing of Metal Structures at the Micrometer Scale
Additive Manufacturing of Metal Structures at the Micrometer Scale
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DOI：
10.1002/adma.201604211
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发表时间：
2017-05-03
影响因子：
29.4
通讯作者：
Zambelli, Tomaso
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hirt, Luca;Reiser, Alain;Zambelli, Tomaso
目前，加法制造的重点正从简单的原型制造转向实际生产。这一过程的一个驱动因素是AM构建减法制造技术无法访问的几何图形的能力。虽然这些技术通常需要最容易制造的几何图形，但AM通过将设计过程从传统加工施加的限制中解放出来，使其能够构建最佳性能所需的几何图形。在微米尺度上，标准制造技术的设计限制甚至更严重。因此，微尺度AM具有巨大的潜力，商业微型立体光刻工具作为一种使能技术能够广泛应用于科学应用的迅速成功证实了这一点。然而，对于金属，仍然没有建立起小规模的AM解决方案。为了解决标准金属AM方法的有限分辨率(充其量只有几十微米)，目前正在开发各种针对微米及以下的新技术。在这里，我们回顾一下最近的这些努力。具体地说，我们的特色是直接墨水书写、电动流体动力印刷、激光辅助电泳沉积、激光诱导正向转移、局部电镀方法、激光诱导光还原和聚焦电子束或离子束诱导沉积。虽然这些方法已被证明有助于特征尺寸在0.1-10微米范围内的金属的AM，但它们仍处于原型阶段，其潜力尚未被充分挖掘。例如，对材料可获得性和材料性质的全面研究往往是缺乏的，但实际应用却是强制性的。我们在批判性地讨论和比较当前微尺度金属AM技术的潜力的同时，解决了这些问题。
Currently, the focus of additive manufacturing (AM) is shifting from simple prototyping to actual production. One driving factor of this process is the ability of AM to build geometries that are not accessible by subtractive fabrication techniques. While these techniques often call for a geometry that is easiest to manufacture, AM enables the geometry required for best performance to be built by freeing the design process from restrictions imposed by traditional machining. At the micrometer scale, the design limitations of standard fabrication techniques are even more severe. Microscale AM thus holds great potential, as confirmed by the rapid success of commercial micro-stereolithography tools as an enabling technology for a broad range of scientific applications. For metals, however, there is still no established AM solution at small scales. To tackle the limited resolution of standard metal AM methods (a few tens of micrometers at best), various new techniques aimed at the micrometer scale and below are presently under development. Here, we review these recent efforts. Specifically, we feature the techniques of direct ink writing, electrohydrodynamic printing, laser-assisted electrophoretic deposition, laser-induced forward transfer, local electroplating methods, laser-induced photoreduction and focused electron or ion beam induced deposition. Although these methods have proven to facilitate the AM of metals with feature sizes in the range of 0.1-10 mu m, they are still in a prototype stage and their potential is not fully explored yet. For instance, comprehensive studies of material availability and material properties are often lacking, yet compulsory for actual applications. We address these items while critically discussing and comparing the potential of current microscale metal AM techniques.