Pan-neotropical genus Venada lHesperiidaec Pyrginaer is not monotypicc Four new species occur on one volcano in the Area De Conservacion Guanacastec Costa Rica
Pan-neotropical genus Venada lHesperiidaec Pyrginaer is not monotypicc Four new species occur on one volcano in the Area De Conservacion Guanacastec Costa Rica
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泛新热带属 Venada lHesperiidaec Pyrginaer 并非单一型 哥斯达黎加瓜纳卡斯特克保护区的一座火山上出现了四个新物种
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Janzen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Burns;D. Janzen
在1995年和2004年之间，作为正在进行的大型鳞翅目名录的瓜纳卡斯特保护区（ACG），哥斯达黎加，327个成年的橙皮属维纳达饲养636野生捕获的毛虫和蛹。虽然维纳达被认为在其广泛的分布范围内（墨西哥到玻利维亚）是单型的，但在ACG的可可火山上有四个新物种：维纳达内华达，V. daneva，V. cacao和V. naranja--所有这些都是伯恩斯描述的，使用了成虫的外貌，雄性和雌性生殖器，毛虫的颜色模式和生态分布。它们栖息于雨林和云雾林，但不栖息于干燥森林。幼虫以樟科五个属的树苗的成熟叶子为食：Beilschmiedia，Licaria，Nectandra，Ocotea和Persea。毛蕊花毛虫也吃樟科植物，毛蕊花毛虫和维纳达可能是密切相关的。附加关键词：毛虫，食用植物（樟科），生殖器（男性和女性），寄生蜂，分类，变异。在新热带地区，有比目前文献所显示的更多种类的斑蝶。DNA测序并不是揭示它们的唯一方法。当然，DNA测序和条形码一样少（Hebert et al. 2003 a，2003 b），比形态学、生态学、行为学、幼虫饮食和其他非分子数据的综合结果显示，在新热带地区常见和分布广泛的棘鲷（由Walch在1775年描述）中有更多的物种。但A.在哥斯达黎加西北部的瓜纳卡斯特保护区（ACG）至少有10个物种（Hebert et al. 2004）。在任何情况下，我们与维纳达表明，一个非分子的方法来检测神秘的物种仍然工作得很好。埃文斯（1952年）只为一个物种建立了帆鳍鱼属（skipper genus Venada）。因此，有些人可能会认为他是一个分裂者。这将是具有讽刺意味的，因为在物种水平上和周围，埃文斯一再将其归为一类（例如，参见Burns 1964，1994，2000，Burns & Kendall 1969，Burns & Janzen 2001）。Venada回忆起了Cephise，它是Evans（1952）的另一个泛新热带区和单型的船长属。在过去的十年里，Cephise已经迅速发展到12个物种-一些来自其他属，一些新的（Burns 1996，Austin & Mielke 2000）-还有更多的物种。在这里，我们为Venada添加了四个新物种，它们都出现在ACG的Volcán Cacao上。奇怪的是，维纳达的成年人和那些没有尾巴的Cephise物种的雄性在表面上是相似的（比较图1和图2）。1-16与Burns 1996：figs. 28，29，32 - 35和Austin & Mielke 2000：fig. 1，2，5，6，27 - 30，33 - 36，39，40;并比较Janzen & Hallwachs 2005中的图像）。维那达的成年鲸和无尾的雄性鲸有时是如此的相似，以至于连船长专家都把它们误认为是另一个。在外部，Cephise特有的触须（Burns 1996：183 and fig. 24 - 27）一次区分这些skippers从维纳达;内部，生殖器这样做（比较伯恩斯1996年：图。1-22与图17 - 29）。在两种性别的维纳达，前翅上的四个蜂蜜色的斑点-在空间1b，2（迄今为止最大的），3和细胞（第二大）-彼此紧密接触，形成一个明显的，不规则的补丁或带从下中肋到上tornus（图2）。第1 - 16段）。韦纳达的男性有一个肋骨褶皱（图。1、3、5、7）。饲养个体的翼展范围从大约40到50毫米，雄性平均略小于雌性。平均而言，人工饲养的标本比野生的标本有更小的翼展。虽然Venada分布广泛，但标本在收藏中很少。Venada的成虫并不是严格意义上的黄昏或夜间活动（像其他热带skipper属中的各种物种一样，如Bungalotis，Dysophellus，Porphyrogenes和Celaeroclavus）。2004年2月27日，在无风的一天中，在海拔1100米的可可火山上，三只维纳达成虫在阳光充足的情况下迅速飞行。材料与方法关于大型且不断增长的ACG的描述，以及在过去25年中在那里扩大的大规模毛毛虫饲养和库存计划，请参见Burns and Janzen（2001），Janzen（2004），以及Janzen and Hallwachs（2005）。在这里，我们分析了饲养记录和327个成年标本来自636毛虫和蛹的维纳达发现于1995年和2004年之间。没有成年人在ACG被网住，上面提到的三个是唯一在野外看到的。饲养的成虫已保藏在美国国家自然历史博物馆（USNM），史密森学会，华盛顿，DC，美国，和哥斯达黎加的INBio。在ACG，每个野生捕获的毛毛虫都有一个单独的代码，其中收集年份的最后两位数字和该年份的唯一编号包含缩写SRNP（圣罗莎国家公园）和连字符（例如，02-SRNP-23364）。代码扩展到任何毛毛虫可能产生的东西，即，蛹，成虫，拟寄生蜂。这些养育券代码始于1977年的圣罗莎国家公园，今天是ACG的圣罗莎区。船长生殖器解剖代码（例如，X-5390）构成了一个持续的，X级系列开始于1974年在比较动物学博物馆，哈佛大学，并继续在USNM。任何腹部已被切除以进行KOH治疗以帮助解剖的固定成人，均与1-小瓶甘油交叉编码，甘油用于保持解剖的生殖器和腹部外皮。
Between 1995 and 2004, as part of an ongoing macrolepidopteran inventory of the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica, 327 adults of the hesperiid genus Venada were reared from 636 wild-caught caterpillars and pupae. Although Venada was thought to be monotypic over its wide range (Mexico to Bolivia), there are four new species on Volcán Cacao in the ACG: Venada nevada, V. daneva, V. cacao, and V. naranja — all described by Burns, using characters of adult facies, male and female genitalia, caterpillar color pattern, and ecologic distribution. These skippers inhabit both rain and cloud forest, but not dry forest. The caterpillars feed on mature leaves of saplings in five genera of Lauraceae: Beilschmiedia, Licaria, Nectandra, Ocotea, and Persea. Caterpillars of Ridens also eat plants in the family Lauraceae, and Ridens and Venada may be closely related. Additional key words: caterpillars, foodplants (Lauraceae), genitalia (male and female), parasitoids, taxonomy, variation. There are far more species of skipper butterflies in the neotropics than current literature suggests. DNA sequencing is not the only way of revealing them. Granted, DNA sequencing as minimal as barcoding (Hebert et al. 2003a, 2003b) indicates even more species in the common and widespread neotropical skipper Astraptes fulgerator (described by Walch in 1775) than does a synthesis of morphologic, ecologic, ethologic, larval dietary, and other nonmolecular data. But the A. fulgerator complex—with at least 10 species in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) of northwestern Costa Rica (Hebert et al. 2004)—is somewhat exceptional. In any case, we show with Venada that a nonmolecular approach to detection of cryptic species still works well. Evans (1952) erected the skipper genus Venada for just one species. Hence some might consider him a splitter. That would be ironic because, at and around the species level, Evans repeatedly lumped (see, for example, Burns 1964, 1994, 2000, Burns & Kendall 1969, Burns & Janzen 2001). Venada recalls Cephise, another of Evans's (1952) pan-neotropical and monotypic skipper genera. Within the last decade, Cephise has mushroomed to 12 species—some sprung from other genera, some new (Burns 1996, Austin & Mielke 2000)—with yet more to come. Here we add four new species to Venada, all of them present on Volcán Cacao in the ACG. Oddly enough, adults of Venada and males of those species of Cephise that lack tails are superficially similar (compare Figs. 1–16 with Burns 1996:figs. 28, 29, 32–35 and with Austin & Mielke 2000:figs. 1, 2, 5, 6, 27–30, 33–36, 39, 40; and compare images in Janzen & Hallwachs 2005). Venada adults and tailless Cephise males are sometimes so similar that even skipper specialists have mistaken one for the other. Externally, the peculiar palpi of Cephise (Burns 1996:183 and figs. 24–27) at once distinguish these skippers from Venada; internally, the genitalia do so (compare Burns 1996:figs. 1–22 with Figs. 17–29). In both sexes of Venada, four honey-colored spots on the forewing—in spaces 1b, 2 (by far the largest), 3, and the cell (second largest)—are in close contact with one another, forming a conspicuous, irregular patch or band from below mid-costa to above the tornus (Figs. 1–16). Males of Venada have a costal fold (Figs. 1, 3, 5, 7). Wingspreads of reared individuals range from about 40 to 50 mm, with males averaging a little less than females. Specimens reared in captivity have smaller wingspreads, on average, than those coming from wildfound pupae. Although Venada is widely distributed, specimens are rare in collections. Adults of Venada are not strictly crepuscular or nocturnal (like those of various species in such other tropical skipper genera as Bungalotis, Dyscophellus, Porphyrogenes, and Celaenorrhinus). Three Venada adults were seen flying rapidly in full sun 2020 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY in the middle of a windless day (27 February 2004) at 1100 m elevation on Volcán Cacao. MATERIALS AND METHODS For a description of the large and growing ACG, and of the massive caterpillar rearing and inventory program expanding there over the past quarter-century, see Burns and Janzen (2001), Janzen (2004), and Janzen and Hallwachs (2005). Here we analyze rearing records and 327 adult specimens coming from 636 caterpillars and pupae of Venada found between 1995 and 2004. No adults have been netted in the ACG, and the three noted above are the only ones seen in the wild. Reared adults have been deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA, and at INBio in Costa Rica. At the ACG, each wild-caught caterpillar gets an individual code in which the last two digits of the year of collection and a unique number for that year embrace the acronym SRNP (Santa Rosa National Park) with hyphens (e.g., 02-SRNP-23364). The code extends to whatever that caterpillar may produce—i.e., pupa, adult, parasitoid(s). These rearing voucher codes started in 1977 at Santa Rosa National Park, which today is Sector Santa Rosa of the ACG. Skipper genitalia dissection codes (e.g., X-5390) constitute an ongoing, X-rated series begun in 1974 at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, and continued at the USNM. Any pinned adult whose abdomen has been removed for KOH-treatment to aid dissection, is cross-coded with the 1-dram vial of glycerol that holds both the dissected genitalia and the abdominal integument.