Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization
Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization
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DOI：
10.1007/s12229-015-9157-3
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发表时间：
2015-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Small, Ernest
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Small, Ernest
大麻已经被使用了几千年。主要作为茎纤维（植物和纤维都称为“大麻”）和树脂中毒（植物及其药物制剂通常称为“大麻”）的来源。对各种驯化形式的物种和野生植物之间关系的研究导致了相互冲突的进化解释和不同的分类，包括将C.唾液分为几个所谓的物种。本文综述了大麻从古代到现在的使用方式，以及人类选择如何通过与相关野生植物的比较改变驯化形式的形态，化学，分布和生态。特别注意分类，因为这是极具争议的，是了解，开发和控制植物的关键。用于识别大麻内栽培群体的差异是人类选择特征的破坏性选择的结果。就目前所确定的而言，野生植物要么是从驯化形式中逃脱出来的，要么是数千年来与驯化植物广泛基因交换的结果，因此不可能确定未经改变的原始种群或祖先种群是否仍然存在。对这种相互作用的驯化和野生形式的植物进行分类和命名的冲突方法进行了检查。建议将大麻唾液视为一个单一物种，其中有一个具有驯化和野生品种的麻醉亚种，同样也有一个具有驯化和野生品种的非麻醉亚种。提出了一种与国际栽培植物命名法一致的替代方法，承认六类：两类主要由非麻醉纤维和油籽品种组成，另一类由其杂交品种组成；两组由麻醉药毒株组成另外一组由它们的杂交毒株组成。
Cannabis sativa has been employed for thousands of years. primarily as a source of a stem fiber (both the plant and the fiber termed "hemp") and a resinous intoxicant (the plant and its drug preparations commonly termed "marijuana"). Studies of relationships among various groups of domesticated forms of the species and wild-growing plants have led to conflicting evolutionary interpretations and different classifications, including splitting C. saliva into several alleged species. This review examines the evolving ways Cannabis has been used from ancient times to the present, and how human selection has altered the morphology, chemistry, distribution and ecology of domesticated forms by comparison with related wild plants. Special attention is given to classification, since this has been extremely contentious, and is a key to understanding, exploiting and controlling the plant. Differences that have been used to recognize cultivated groups within Cannabis are the results of disruptive selection for characteristics selected by humans. Wild-growing plants, insofar as has been determined, are either escapes from domesticated forms or the results of thousands of years of widespread genetic exchange with domesticated plants, making it impossible to determine if unaltered primeval or ancestral populations still exist. The conflicting approaches to classifying and naming plants with such interacting domesticated and wild forms are examined. It is recommended that Cannabis saliva be recognized as a single species, within which there is a narcotic subspecies with both domesticated and ruderal varieties, and similarly a non-narcotic subspecies with both domesticated and ruderal varieties. An alternative approach consistent with the international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants is proposed, recognizing six groups: two composed of essentially non-narcotic fiber and oilseed cultivars as well as an additional group composed of their hybrids; and two composed of narcotic strains as well as an additional group composed of their hybrids.