Host sanctions in Panamanian Ficus are likely based on selective resource allocation
Host sanctions in Panamanian Ficus are likely based on selective resource allocation
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DOI：
10.3732/ajb.1600082
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发表时间：
2016-10-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Herre, Edward Allen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jander, K. Charlotte;Herre, Edward Allen
研究前提：无花果树和它们的传粉者，无花果小蜂，提出了一个强大的模型系统研究互惠稳定性：双方合作伙伴都依赖于对方的繁殖，合作水平可以操纵，并由此产生的领域为基础的健身量化。先前的研究表明，无花果树可以通过中止未授粉的无花果或减少春季黄蜂的数量和大小来严重降低不授粉的黄蜂的适合度。在这里，我们评估了四个假设的制裁机制，在四个巴拿马fig species.METHODS：我们研究了黄蜂和无花果样品从田间实验与操纵水平的pollination.KEY结果：在未授粉的无花果，无花果墙和黄蜂的春天有一个较低的干质量。未授粉的无花果有许多发起蜂瘿授粉无花果，但更少的瘿，成功地生产活蜂小康春天。在三个实验增加水平的授粉，我们发现非线性增加无花果壁质量，黄蜂虫瘿的比例，发展，和黄蜂mass.CONCLUSIONS：我们的数据不支持缺乏授粉防止虫瘿形成或受精胚乳是必需的黄蜂发展的假设。虽然我们的数据可能是一致的假设，即树木产生一种黄蜂特异性毒素，以应对缺乏授粉，我们发现的假设，制裁的后果，树木分配更多的资源，更好地授粉无花果更吝啬的汇总数据。我们的发现完全类似于其他互惠系统中记录的选择性资源分配到更有益的组织。
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Fig trees and their pollinators, fig wasps, present a powerful model system for studying mutualism stability: both partners depend on each other for reproduction, cooperation levels can be manipulated, and the resulting field-based fitness quantified. Previous work has shown that fig trees can severely reduce the fitness of wasps that do not pollinate by aborting unpollinated figs or reducing the number and size of wasp off spring. Here we evaluated four hypotheses regarding the mechanism of sanctions in four Panamanian fig species.METHODS: We examined wasp and fig samples from field experiments with manipulated levels of pollination.KEY RESULTS: In unpollinated figs, the fig wall and the wasp off spring had a lower dry mass. Unpollinated figs had as many initiated wasp galls as pollinated figs but fewer galls that successfully produced live wasp off spring. Across three experimentally increasing levels of pollination, we found nonlinear increases in fig wall mass, the proportion of wasp galls that develop, and wasp mass.CONCLUSIONS: Our data did not support the hypotheses that lack of pollination prevents gall formation or that fertilized endosperm is required for wasp development. While our data are potentially consistent with the hypothesis that trees produce a wasp-specific toxin in response to lack of pollination, we found the hypothesis that sanctions are a consequence of trees allocating more resources to better-pollinated figs more parsimonious with the aggregate data. Our findings are completely analogous to the selective resource allocation to more beneficial tissues documented in other mutualistic systems.