Global Ecological Pattern of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea
Global Ecological Pattern of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0071731
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发表时间：
2013-02-28
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Gu, Ji-Dong
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cao, Huiluo;Auguet, Jean-Christophe;Gu, Ji-Dong
背景：急性眼内炎是白内障手术最严重的并发症之一，通常会导致严重的视力障碍。白内障手术后急性术后眼内炎（POE）的几个危险因素已被报道，但证据水平和关联强度各不相同。本研究的目的是批判性地评价已发表的报告，并总结与急性POE，可以很容易地评估眼科医生的介绍和实施preventive measurements.Methods：一个系统的回顾和荟萃分析的观察性研究进行了临床危险因素。检索了6个数据库，对出版年份或语言没有限制。结果：共纳入42项研究，共6 686 169例患者，共8 963例眼内炎患者。在我们的系统性综述和荟萃分析中确定的9个风险因素中，发现囊外或囊内白内障摘除术、透明角膜切口、无前房内头孢唑啉（1 mg溶于0.1 ml溶液）、无前房内头孢呋辛（1 mg溶于0.1 ml溶液）、后囊破裂、硅胶人工晶状体和术中并发症与急性眼内炎密切相关。其他重要因素与较低的关联强度（风险估计一般为1.5或更低）是男性和老年（85岁及以上）。结论：我们的研究提供了急性POE的危险因素的汇总数据。从公共卫生和临床的角度来看，识别这种威胁视力的眼病的高风险患者是很重要的，因为这将有助于在不可逆的视力丧失发生之前检测疾病，从而能够早期干预。背景：氨氧化古菌（AOA）在硝化过程中起着关键作用，其全球分布已通过许多生态学研究得到证实。虽然新的可用amoA（氨单加氧酶亚基A）基因序列从新的环境中积累迅速在公共资源库，缺乏信息的生态和进化因素塑造社区组装AOA在全球范围内是显而易见的。6，200个古生菌amoA基因序列，从而揭示它们在沿着广泛的理化条件和生境类型上的群落分布模式。这些序列在95%的同一性水平下被去复制，得到包含来自8种生境类型的1，476个古细菌amoA基因序列的数据集：即土壤，淡水，淡水沉积物，河口沉积物，海水，海洋沉积物，地热系统和共生。更新的综合amoA系统发育由三个主要的单系群（即Nitrosopumilus，Nitrosotalea，Nitrosocaldus）和一个主要由土壤和沉积物序列组成的非单系群组成，我们命名为Nitrososphaera。多样性测量表明，海洋和河口沉积物以及共生体可能是AOA多样性的最大水库。系统发育分析进一步进行了宏观进化分析，探讨硝化古菌的多样化模式和速度。与其他生境，表现出恒定的多样化率，海洋浮游AOA有趣地表现出一个非常近期和加速的多样化率一致的最低系统发育多样性观察到在其栖息地。这一结果表明，AOA群落具有不同的进化历史，在不同的栖息地存在。结论和意义：基于最新的amoA系统发育，这一分析提供了可能的进化机制和环境参数，塑造AOA群落组装在全球范围内的见解。
Background: Acute endophthalmitis is one of the most serious complications of cataract surgery and often results in severe visual impairment. Several risk factors for acute postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) following cataract surgery have been reported but the level of evidence and strength of association is varied. The purpose of this study was to critically appraise published reports on and to summarize clinical risk factors associated with acute POE which could be easily assessed by ophthalmologists for the introduction and implementation of preventive measure.Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was performed. Six databases were searched with no limits on the year or language of publication. Study-specific odds ratios (Ors) or relative risk (RR) of each risk factor were pooled using a random effect model.Results: A total of 6 686 169 participants with 8 963 endophthalmitis in 42 studies were analyzed. Of the nine risk factors identified in our systematic review and meta-analysis, extra-or intracapsular cataract extraction, a clear corneal incision, without intracameral cefazolin (1 mg in 0.1 ml solution), without intracameral cefuroxime (1 mg in 0.1 ml solution), post capsular rupture, silicone intraocular lenses and intraoperative complications were found strongly associated with acute endophthalmitis. Other significant factors with a lower strength of association (risk estimates generally 1.5 or less) were male gender and old age (85 years and older).Conclusions: Our study provides summary data on the risk factors for acute POE. Identifying patients at high risk of this sight-threatening eye disease is important from both the public health and clinical perspectives as this would facilitate detection of disease before the onset of irreversible visual loss enabling earlier intervention.Background: The global distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), which play a pivotal role in the nitrification process, has been confirmed through numerous ecological studies. Though newly available amoA (ammonia monooxygenase subunit A) gene sequences from new environments are accumulating rapidly in public repositories, a lack of information on the ecological and evolutionary factors shaping community assembly of AOA on the global scale is apparent.Methodology and Results: We conducted a meta-analysis on uncultured AOA using over ca. 6,200 archaeal amoA gene sequences, so as to reveal their community distribution patterns along a wide spectrum of physicochemical conditions and habitat types. The sequences were dereplicated at 95% identity level resulting in a dataset containing 1,476 archaeal amoA gene sequences from eight habitat types: namely soil, freshwater, freshwater sediment, estuarine sediment, marine water, marine sediment, geothermal system, and symbiosis. The updated comprehensive amoA phylogeny was composed of three major monophyletic clusters (i.e. Nitrosopumilus, Nitrosotalea, Nitrosocaldus) and a non-monophyletic cluster constituted mostly by soil and sediment sequences that we named Nitrososphaera. Diversity measurements indicated that marine and estuarine sediments as well as symbionts might be the largest reservoirs of AOA diversity. Phylogenetic analyses were further carried out using macroevolutionary analyses to explore the diversification pattern and rates of nitrifying archaea. In contrast to other habitats that displayed constant diversification rates, marine planktonic AOA interestingly exhibit a very recent and accelerating diversification rate congruent with the lowest phylogenetic diversity observed in their habitats. This result suggested the existence of AOA communities with different evolutionary history in the different habitats.Conclusion and Significance: Based on an up-to-date amoA phylogeny, this analysis provided insights into the possible evolutionary mechanisms and environmental parameters that shape AOA community assembly at global scale.