Historical Events and Spaces of Hate: Hate Crimes against Arabs and Muslims in Post-9/11 America
Historical Events and Spaces of Hate: Hate Crimes against Arabs and Muslims in Post-9/11 America
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DOI：
10.1525/sp.2011.58.1.21
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发表时间：
2011-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
King, Ryan D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Disha, Ilir;Cavendish, James C.;King, Ryan D.
这项研究调查了2001年9月11日之前和之后几个月美国各县针对阿拉伯人和穆斯林的仇恨犯罪的变化。有四个问题特别令人感兴趣。首先，在9/11之前，反阿拉伯和穆斯林仇恨犯罪的决定因素是什么？第二，阿拉伯人和穆斯林在什么样的社会背景下最有可能成为受害者？第三，恐怖袭击后，针对这些群体的仇恨犯罪增加到何种程度？最后，9/11之后，针对阿拉伯人和穆斯林的仇恨犯罪的预测因素是否发生了明显变化？调查结果显示，针对阿拉伯人和穆斯林的仇恨犯罪在9/11事件后的几个月里急剧增加，尽管这些犯罪的结构性决定因素和地理集中在袭击后基本保持一致。负二项回归结果进一步表明，阿拉伯人和穆斯林较为集中的县发生此类仇恨犯罪的事件较多，这可能反映了这类犯罪的目标。与此同时，在阿拉伯人或穆斯林比例最高的县，特定阿拉伯人或穆斯林受害的可能性最低，这与歧视和群体间暴力的权力差异观点一致。调查结果表明，恐怖袭击确实可能会引发报复，并引发一波仇恨犯罪，但这些犯罪的地点可能会在刺激事件发生后保持一致。
This research investigates variation in hate crime offending against Arabs and Muslims across U.S. counties in the months before and after September 11, 2001. Four questions are of particular interest. First, what were the determinants of anti-Arab and Muslim hate crimes prior to 9/11? Second, in what social contexts were Arabs and Muslims at greatest risk of victimization? Third, to what extent did hate crimes against these groups increase after the terrorist attacks? And last, did the predictors of hate crimes against Arabs and Muslims change appreciably after 9/11? Findings show that hate crimes targeting Arabs and Muslims increased dramatically in the months following 9/11, although the structural determinants and geographic concentration of these crimes remained largely consistent after the attacks. Negative binomial regression results further suggest that counties with larger concentrations of Arabs and Muslims have higher incidents of such hate crimes, which likely reflects the availability of targets for this type of offending. At the same time, the likelihood of victimization for a given Arab or Muslim person is lowest in counties where the percent Arab or percent Muslim is highest, in line with a power-differential perspective on discrimination and intergroup violence. The findings imply, that terrorist attacks may indeed incite retaliation and set off a wave of hate crime offending, but the location of these crimes is likely to remain consistent after a galvanizing event.