The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test: Complete Absence of Typical Sex Difference in ~400 Men and Women with Autism.
The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test: Complete Absence of Typical Sex Difference in ~400 Men and Women with Autism.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0136521
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Lai MC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baron-Cohen S;Bowen DC;Holt RJ;Allison C;Auyeung B;Lombardo MV;Smith P;Lai MC
"阅读眼睛中的心灵"测试（眼睛测试）是一种先进的心理理论测试。已经报道了典型的性别差异（即，女性优势）。自闭症患者比正常发育的个体表现出更多的困难，但目前还不清楚这是如何通过性别调节的，因为女性自闭症患者的代表性不足。在这里，在一个大的，非男性偏见的样本中，我们测试了性别，诊断及其相互作用的影响。眼睛测试（修订版）在线对395名自闭症成年人（178名男性，217名女性）和320名对照成年人（152名男性，168名女性）进行了测试。双因素方差分析显示，由于对照组男性和女性之间存在显著的性别差异，总正确评分存在显著的性别-诊断相互作用（F（1，711）= 5.090，p = 0.024，η p2 = 0.007（p <0.001，Cohen's d = 0.47），男性和女性自闭症患者之间没有性别差异。（p = 0.907，d = 0.01）;在不同性别之间观察到显著的病例对照差异，男性的效应量为d = 0.35，女性为d = 0.69。群体差异模式符合极端男性大脑（EMB）理论的预测。眼测-共情商和眼测-自闭症谱系商相关仅在女性孤独症组有显著性（r = 0.35，r =-0.32），其他3组无显著性。支持向量机（SVM）分类的基础上的反应模式，在所有36个项目分类自闭症诊断的准确性相对较高的女性（72.2%）比男性（65.8%）。然而，在一种性别内训练的SVM模型在应用于另一种性别时同样适用。眼睛表现测试是成年自闭症患者的一个与性别无关的表型特征，反映了性别共同的社会困难，并为EMB理论对男性和女性的预测提供了支持。女性自闭症患者的表现与同性对照组的差异大于男性自闭症患者。女性自闭症患者自我报告的性格特征和眼睛测试表现之间的一致性也比其他所有群体更强。
The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test (Eyes test) is an advanced test of theory of mind. Typical sex difference has been reported (i.e., female advantage). Individuals with autism show more difficulty than do typically developing individuals, yet it remains unclear how this is modulated by sex, as females with autism have been under-represented. Here in a large, non-male-biased sample we test for the effects of sex, diagnosis, and their interaction. The Eyes test (revised version) was administered online to 395 adults with autism (178 males, 217 females) and 320 control adults (152 males, 168 females). Two-way ANOVA showed a significant sex-by-diagnosis interaction in total correct score (F(1,711) = 5.090, p = 0.024, ηp 2 = 0.007) arising from a significant sex difference between control males and females (p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.47), and an absence of a sex difference between males and females with autism (p = 0.907, d = 0.01); significant case-control differences were observed across sexes, with effect sizes of d = 0.35 in males and d = 0.69 in females. Group-difference patterns fit with the extreme-male-brain (EMB) theory predictions. Eyes test-Empathy Quotient and Eyes test-Autism Spectrum Quotient correlations were significant only in females with autism (r = 0.35, r = -0.32, respectively), but not in the other 3 groups. Support vector machine (SVM) classification based on response pattern across all 36 items classified autism diagnosis with a relatively higher accuracy for females (72.2%) than males (65.8%). Nevertheless, an SVM model trained within one sex generalized equally well when applied to the other sex. Performance on the Eyes test is a sex-independent phenotypic characteristic of adults with autism, reflecting sex-common social difficulties, and provides support for the EMB theory predictions for both males and females. Performance of females with autism differed from same-sex controls more than did that of males with autism. Females with autism also showed stronger coherence between self-reported dispositional traits and Eyes test performance than all other groups.