Affordability of water supply in Mongolia: empirical lessons for measuring affordability
Affordability of water supply in Mongolia: empirical lessons for measuring affordability
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DOI：
10.2166/wp.2012.192
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发表时间：
2013-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Bretschneider, Wolfgang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gawel, Erik;Sigel, Katja;Bretschneider, Wolfgang
对于发达国家，特别是发展中国家来说，能否负担得起供水服务是一个紧迫的水政策问题。尽管其众所周知的理论缺陷，供水的可负担性分析，到目前为止，广泛基于家庭的水支出与收入的比率，传统的可负担性比率（CAR）。然而，在住房部门，已经制定了衡量负担能力的替代概念，其中包括“潜在负担能力法"和”剩余收入法"。在此背景下，本文比较了这三个突出的负担能力的措施（CAR，PAA，RIA）的基础上，在蒙古第二大城市达尔汗的城郊，低收入地区的实证案例研究，使用家庭数据进行调查，在2009年。因此，我们可以深入了解蒙古人民与水有关的负担能力状况，检查世界银行关于蒙古首都乌兰巴托城市周边地区不存在水负担能力问题的调查结果，以及不同负担能力措施的比较功能。结果表明，负担能力的问题确实发生，但必须根据经济原因加以区分。我们认为，没有一个被认为是措施给一个令人满意的轮廓概念的负担能力适当区别于相邻的贫困和访问的问题。
Affordability of water services is a pressing water policy issue for both the developed and, in particular, for the developing world. Despite its well-known theoretical shortcomings, affordability analysis of water supply has, up to now, been widely based on the ratio of a household's water expenditure to its income, the Conventional Affordability Ratio (CAR). However, in the housing sector, alternative concepts for measuring affordability have been developed, among them being the 'Potential Affordability Approach' (PAA) and the 'Residual Income Approach' (RIA). Against this background, this paper compares these three prominent affordability measures (CAR, PAA, RIA) on the basis of an empirical case study of a peri-urban, low-income area in the second largest Mongolian city of Darkhan, using household data from a survey conducted in 2009. Thus we gain insight into both the water-related affordability situation of people in Mongolia, checking the World Bank's finding of an absence of water affordability problems in peri-urban areas in the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar, as well as into the comparative functionality of different affordability measures. It is shown that affordability problems do occur but have to be distinguished depending on the economic causation. We argue that none of the regarded measures give a satisfyingly contoured notion of affordability properly distinguished from the adjacent problems of poverty and access.