The Many Elements of Traditional Fire Knowledge: Synthesis, Classification, and Aids to Cross-cultural Problem Solving in Fire-dependent Systems Around the World
The Many Elements of Traditional Fire Knowledge: Synthesis, Classification, and Aids to Cross-cultural Problem Solving in Fire-dependent Systems Around the World
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DOI：
10.5751/es-05843-180403
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发表时间：
2013-01-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Huffman, Mary R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Huffman, Mary R.
我研究了假设，世界各地的传统社会生态消防系统包括传统消防知识（TFK）的共同要素。我将TFK定义为与火灾相关的知识，信仰和实践，这些知识，信仰和实践已经被长期居民开发并应用于特定景观。总共有35项研究记录了信托基金的69个不同要素，包括来自6大洲27个国家的叙述。在所有6个大陆上，有21种元素（30%）被记录，46种元素（67%）被记录在4个或更多的大陆上。前12个最常报告的元素，包括在> 50%的研究中，是火对植被的影响;一年中的季节;火对动物的影响;活或死燃料的水分;雨季，旱季或降雨时间的开始或结束;非法燃烧或中央政府管制;火灾强度，热输出，即，热或冷火;频率、返回间隔、火灾发生后的时间;火灾控制;防火带、障碍物;不燃烧的后果;以及植物或动物物候学。传统消防知识是多方面的：13项研究包括25个以上的要素。实践传统的火灾管理还需要了解多种元素相互作用和相互影响的方式。三个分类系统提供了深入了解TFK系统，包括农业生态类型，前和后工业人类学火灾制度，和可行性状态的类型学。在气候变化可能会扰乱火灾活动，对土著和非土著社会都造成问题的时候，传统的消防知识和做法的持久性正面临严重威胁。中央政府往往在火灾增加时采取病态的指挥和控制反应，进一步限制了传统的消防管理。相反，需要认真地让传统从业人员参与解决具有全球意义的火灾问题。
I examined the hypothesis that traditional social-ecological fire systems around the world include common elements of traditional fire knowledge (TFK). I defined TFK as fire-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices that have been developed and applied on specific landscapes for specific purposes by long time inhabitants. In all, 69 distinct elements of TFK were documented in 35 studies, including accounts from 27 countries on 6 continents. On all 6 continents, 21 elements (30%) were recorded, and 46 elements (67%) were recorded on 4 or more continents. The top 12 most commonly reported elements, which were included in > 50 % of the studies, were fire effects on vegetation; season of the year; fire effects on animals; moisture of live or dead fuels; the onset or end of rainy season, dry season, or timing of rain; burning illegal or regulated by central government; fire intensity, heat output, i.e., hot or cool fire; frequency, return interval, time since fire; fire control; firebreaks, barriers; consequences of not burning; and plant or animal phenology. Traditional fire knowledge was multifaceted: 13 studies included more than 25 elements. Practicing traditional fire management also entails understanding the ways in which multiple elements interact and influence one another. Three classification systems provide insight into TFK systems, including typologies of agro-ecological type, pre- and postindustrial anthropological fire regimes, and viability status. The longevity of traditional fire knowledge and practice faces serious threats at precisely the time when climate change promises disruptions in fire activity that will be problematic for indigenous and nonindigenous societies alike. Central governments tend to adopt the pathological response of command and control during times of fire increase, further constraining traditional fire management. The opposite is needed: to seriously engage traditional practitioners in solving fire problems of global significance.