PROTEAN DEFENCE BY PREY ANIMALS
PROTEAN DEFENCE BY PREY ANIMALS
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/bf00815496
复制
发表时间：
1970-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
DRIVER, PM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
HUMPHRIE.DA;DRIVER, PM
注意力被提请广泛发生的变形现象，其中的外观和行为的猎物呈现变量和不规则的，作为一种武器，在捕食者和他们的猎物之间的生物军备竞赛。多变的行为被定义为这样的行为，它是足够的非系统性，以防止反应器预测详细的位置或行动的演员。单一的猎物动物经常逃离捕食者以不规则的方式，盘旋，旋转，循环，或弹跳。这种单一的不规则展示在动物王国中广泛存在，也可能被用于潜在猎物的日常运动，以防止可能的攻击。在一群被捕食的动物中，数量的影响增强了逃跑的多变性。在分散反应中，该效应是多项选择和几个单一不稳定因素同时作用的。在围攻表演中，演员的行为角色也会发生连续的变化。在变化多端的威慑中，个体在紧密聚集的群体中的洗牌可以防止捕食者挑出一个进行攻击。在许多物种中，运动和行为角色变化的混淆效果通过外观的快速变化而增强，特别是颜色。这表明，那些采用捕食者不熟悉的逃跑模式的猎物个体往往处于选择性优势。在繁殖过程中，这可能导致种内和种间逃避行为的数量和多样性增加。离位多态性被认为是种群内多变性变异的一个特例，有证据表明，多变性的表现是通过引起神经冲突来运作的，从而延缓捕食者的反应，降低捕食机制的有效性。此外，他们通过将违规行为作为一项基本原则来确保防止学习对策。它强调的是，不规则的变化，千变万化的显示器不是偶然的，但已被选定为遗传学。许多对捕食者-被捕食者关系的生态学行为方面知之甚少的观点因此被统一在一个单一的理论中。
Attention is drawn to the widespread occurrence ofproteanphenomena, in which the appearance and behaviour of prey animals are rendered variable and irregular, as a weapon in the biological arms race between predators and their prey. Protean behaviour is defined as that behaviour which is sufficiently unsystematic to prevent a reactor predicting in detail the position or actions of the actor.Single prey animals frequently flee from a predator in an irregular manner, zigzagging, spinning, looping, or bouncing. Thissingle erraticdisplay occurs widely in the Animal Kingdom, and may also be utilised in everyday movements of potential prey as insurance against possible attack. Examples are given.In a group of prey animals the protean aspect of escape is enhanced by the effect of numbers. In scatter reactions the effect is of multiple choice and of the simultaneous operation of several single erratics. In mobbing displays there are also successive changes in the actors' behavioural role. In protean deterrence the shuffling of individuals within a tightly packed group prevents a predator from singling one out for attack.In many species the confusing effect of changes in movement and behavioural role is enhanced by rapid changes in appearance, particularly colour.It is suggested that those prey individuals which employ escape patterns unfamiliar to the predator will tend to be at a selective advantage. During phylogeny this is likely to lead to intra-specific and inter-specific increase in the number and diversity of escape behaviours. Apostatic polymorphism is seen as a special case of protean variation within populations.There is evidence that protean displays operate by arousing neurological conflict, thereby delaying the predator's reactions and reducing the effectiveness of predatory mechanisms. Also they insure against learned countermeasures by incorporating irregularities as a basic principle. It is stressed that the irregular variability of protean displays is not accidental but has been selected for in phylogeny. A number of poorly understood behavioural aspects of the ecology of predator-prey relationships are thus united in a single theory.