Within- and between-generation effects of temperature on the morphology and physiology of Drosophila melanogaster
Within- and between-generation effects of temperature on the morphology and physiology of Drosophila melanogaster
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02361.x
复制
发表时间：
1996-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Gilchrist, GW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Crill, WD;Huey, RB;Gilchrist, GW
研究了发育温度和亲本温度对果蝇成虫生理和形态特征的影响。父母代的果蝇在低温或中等温度（18摄氏度或25摄氏度）下饲养，然后在四种可能的性别与父母温度杂交中交配。它们的后代在18摄氏度或25摄氏度下饲养，然后作为成年人进行形态学（干体重，翅膀大小和腹部黑化[仅限雌性]），生理学（击倒温度和行走速度的热依赖性）和生活史（卵大小）特征的评分。实验重复进行，析因设计使我们能够确定父亲，母亲和发育温度（以及后代性别）是否以及如何影响各种性状。性别和发育温度对各性状的影响较大。雌性比雄性有更大的身体和翅膀，更高的击倒温度和更慢的速度（但形状相似的性能曲线）。在25摄氏度（相对于18摄氏度）下的发育增加了击倒温度，增加了最大速度和热性能宽度，降低了行走的最佳温度，降低了体重和翅膀大小，减少了腹部黑化，并减少了蛋的大小。亲本温度影响了一些性状，但相对于性别或发育温度的影响一般较小。在25摄氏度（相对于18摄氏度）的环境中饲养的果蝇，其母亲的击倒温度略高，体重也较小。父亲在25摄氏度的环境中长大的苍蝇翅膀相对较长。父亲，母亲和发育温度的影响有时在方向上不同。显着的代内和代间效应的存在表明，比较研究需要标准化至少两代的热环境，试图估计“场”的遗传可能是不可靠的一些性状，短期的进化选择的预测将是困难的。
We investigated the effects of developmental and parental temperatures on several physiological and morphological traits of adult Drosophila melanogaster. Flies for the parental generation were raised at either low or moderate temperature (18 degrees C or 25 degrees C) and then mated in the four possible sex-by-parental temperature crosses. Their offspring were raised at either 18 degrees C or 25 degrees C and then scored as adults for morphological (dry body mass, wing size, and abdominal melanization [females only]), physiological (knock-down temperature, and thermal dependence of walking speed), and life history (egg size) traits. The experiment was replicated, and the factorial design allows us to determine whether and how paternal, maternal, and developmental temperatures (as well as offspring sex) influence the various traits. Sex and developmental temperature had major effects on all traits. Females had larger bodies and wings, higher knock-down temperatures, and slower speeds (but similar shaped performance curves) than males. Development at 25 degrees C (versus at 18 degrees C) increased knock-down temperature, increased maximal speed and thermal performance breadth, decreased the optimal temperature for walking, decreased body mass and wing size, reduced abdominal melanization, and reduced egg size. Parental temperatures influenced a few traits, but the effects were generally small relative to those of sex or developmental temperature. Flies whose mother had been raised at 25 degrees C (versus at 18 degrees C) had slightly higher knock-down temperature and smaller body mass. Flies whose father had been raised at 25 degrees C had relatively longer wings. The effects of paternal, maternal, and developmental temperatures sometimes differed in direction. The existence of significant within- and between-generation effects suggests that comparative studies need to standardize thermal environments for at least two generations, that attempts to estimate ''field'' heritabilities may be unreliable for some traits, and that predictions of short-term evolutionary responses to selection will be difficult.