Metabolism and Development during Conidial Germination in Response to a Carbon-Nitrogen-Rich Synthetic or a Natural Source of Nutrition in Neurospora crassa
Metabolism and Development during Conidial Germination in Response to a Carbon-Nitrogen-Rich Synthetic or a Natural Source of Nutrition in Neurospora crassa
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DOI：
10.1128/mbio.00192-19
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发表时间：
2019-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6.4
通讯作者：
Townsend, Jeffrey P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wang, Zheng;Miguel-Rojas, Cristina;Townsend, Jeffrey P.
真菌孢子萌发并进行营养生长，导致无性或有性生殖传播。先前的研究表明，在发育调节基因中，表达在营养环境中是保守的，而碳和氮代谢途径则表现出高度响应性——可能是为了适应不同的营养处理。为了全面研究这两种繁殖模式下的分生孢子萌发和适应性生活史决策，我们分析了粗神经孢子虫在两种培养基上的萌发转录：促进无性繁殖的合成鸟培养基；一种天然枫液培养基，无性繁殖和有性繁殖均可在此培养基上进行。在合成培养基上萌发较晚，但发育较快。代谢基因表现出对营养物质的表达改变——至少34%的基因组基因在合成培养基上分生孢子萌发的前两个阶段显著下调。在发育过程中表现出差异表达的基因敲除会改变种子的萌发和生长速度，在一种情况下还会导致发芽异常。这些基因的一致贝叶斯网络表明，在自然环境中，环境感知、无性发育和性发育以及氮代谢紧密结合，表明在自然环境中，无性发育和性发育可能是典型的无性发育和性发育的动态平衡。生命中最显著的成就之一是它能够在时间和空间变化的环境中蓬勃发展。真菌占据着不同的生态系统，它们对这些环境变化的敏感性往往驱动着真菌生活史的重大决定，包括从营养生长到无性繁殖或有性繁殖的重大转变。孢子萌发是营养生长的第一个也是最简单的阶段。我们使用全基因组转录组学检查了这种早期生活史对营养环境的依赖性。我们证明了发育调节基因的表达通常在营养环境中保守，而代谢基因的表达则高度不稳定。发育基因的激活水平确实取决于当前的营养条件，代谢和发育反应网络相互作用的模块化也是如此。这一知识对未来技术的发展至关重要，这些技术可以控制真菌的生长，用于医疗、农业或工业目的。
Fungal spores germinate and undergo vegetative growth, leading to either asexual or sexual reproductive dispersal. Previous research has indicated that among developmental regulatory genes, expression is conserved across nutritional environments, whereas pathways for carbon and nitrogen metabolism appear highly responsive-perhaps to accommodate differential nutritive processing. To comprehensively investigate conidial germination and the adaptive life history decision-making underlying these two modes of reproduction, we profiled transcription of Neurospora crassa germinating on two media: synthetic Bird medium, designed to promote asexual reproduction; and a natural maple sap medium, on which both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction manifest. A later start to germination but faster development was observed on synthetic medium. Metabolic genes exhibited altered expression in response to nutrients-at least 34% of the genes in the genome were significantly downregulated during the first two stages of conidial germination on synthetic medium. Knockouts of genes exhibiting differential expression across development altered germination and growth rates, as well as in one case causing abnormal germination. A consensus Bayesian network of these genes indicated especially tight integration of environmental sensing, asexual and sexual development, and nitrogen metabolism on a natural medium, suggesting that in natural environments, a more dynamic and tentative balance of asexual and sexual development may be typical of N. crassa colonies.IMPORTANCE One of the most remarkable successes of life is its ability to flourish in response to temporally and spatially varying environments. Fungi occupy diverse ecosystems, and their sensitivity to these environmental changes often drives major fungal life history decisions, including the major switch from vegetative growth to asexual or sexual reproduction. Spore germination comprises the first and simplest stage of vegetative growth. We examined the dependence of this early life history on the nutritional environment using genome-wide transcriptomics. We demonstrated that for developmental regulatory genes, expression was generally conserved across nutritional environments, whereas metabolic gene expression was highly labile. The level of activation of developmental genes did depend on current nutrient conditions, as did the modularity of metabolic and developmental response network interactions. This knowledge is critical to the development of future technologies that could manipulate fungal growth for medical, agricultural, or industrial purposes.