Crop management based on field observations: Case studies in sugarcane and coffee
Crop management based on field observations: Case studies in sugarcane and coffee
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DOI：
10.1016/j.agsy.2011.07.001
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发表时间：
2011-11-01
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Anderson, Einar
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cock, James;Oberthuer, Thomas;Anderson, Einar
几千年来，农民通过观察和经验不断改进他们的作物管理和生产实践。最近，基于受控实验的现代科学和研究方法成为农业技术变革最明显的工具，尽管如此，农民仍根据自己在商业条件下的观察继续开发和实施新技术。现代信息技术和生产者的社会组织使得运用运筹学成为可能，运筹学基于对运营的观察和分析，以改进运营，更好地管理作物。本文描述了咖啡和甘蔗两个案例，其中对农民获得的结果的观察、环境的自然变化以及他们所采用的独特管理实践可用于确定特定地点的作物管理实践。该方法的基础是（a）从一系列种植事件中获取数据，这些数据描述了每种作物的生长条件、管理方式以及在商业条件下的表现（数据捕获），（b）管理和分析集中数据库中的数据（数据管理和分析），以及（c）向种植者提供从数据分析中获得的信息，以便他们可以利用这些信息做出更明智的决策（解释）。该方法的所有方面都取决于种植者的社会组织及其构成的供应链，因此社会组织是该方法的一个组成部分。描述了生长条件的表征过程，包括环境和管理参数、数据库的建立、数据分析和解释以及与生产者互动的机制，重点强调了社会组织和农民团体的重要性。举例说明如何利用这种方法更好地了解作物对环境和管理变化的反应，以及农民如何利用这种方法来提高两种对比作物的生产力和质量。本文表明，运筹学可用于评估农民的经验并在他们之间分享知识，以便在其特定环境的背景下改进他们的生产实践。有人建议，运筹学方法对于多年生作物的异质景观尤其有效，而这些景观尚未成为深入研究的主题。此外，操作研究可以有效地确定作物对小块地块中不易研究的变量的响应以及确定多个变量的最佳组合。生产者相信所获得的结果，因为从实验田扩大到商业条件不存在任何问题。建议所描述的方法可以很容易地应用于其他作物物种。 (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
For millennia farmers have continually improved their crop management and production practices through their observations and experience. More recently modern science and research methods based on controlled experiments became the most visible instrument of technological change in agriculture, nevertheless farmers continued to develop and implement new technologies based on their own observations made under commercial conditions. Modern information technology and social organization of producers make it possible to use operational research, which is based on the observation and analysis of operations so as to improve them, to manage crops better. The article describes two cases, coffee and sugarcane, in which observation of the results obtained by farmers, with the natural variation in the environment and the distinct management practices they apply can be used to determine site specific crop management practices. The basis of the methodology is to (a) obtain data from a series of cropping events that characterizes the conditions under which each crop is grown, how it is managed and how it performs under commercial conditions (data capture), (b) to manage and analyze the data in centralized databases (data management and analysis) and (c) make the information derived from the data analysis available to growers so that they can use it to make better informed decisions (interpretation). All aspects of the methodology depend on the social organization of the growers and the supply chain of which they form a part, and hence social organization is an integral part of the methodology.The processes of characterization of the growing conditions, including both environmental and management parameters, the establishment of databases, the data analysis and interpretation, and mechanisms of interacting with producers are described with emphasis on the importance of social organization and farmers' groups. Examples are given of how this approach can be used to better understand the crop response to variation in the environment and management, and how this can be used by farmers to improve productivity and quality in two contrasting crops. The paper demonstrates that operational research can be used to evaluate farmers' experiences and to share that knowledge amongst them so as to improve their production practices in the context of their particular environment. It is suggested that the operation research approach is particularly effective in heterogeneous landscapes with perennial crops that have not been the subject of intense research. Furthermore operational research is effective in determining the crop response to variables that are not readily studied in small plots and in determining optimal combinations of multiple variables. Producers believe in the results obtained as there are none of the problems of scaling up from experimental plots to commercial conditions. It is proposed that the approaches described can readily be applied to other crop species. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.