Rural Homegardens in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia: An Example for a Sustainable Agro-Ecosystem?
Rural Homegardens in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia: An Example for a Sustainable Agro-Ecosystem?
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印度尼西亚苏拉威西中部的乡村家庭花园：可持续农业生态系统的范例？
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发表时间：
2007
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通讯作者：
K. Kehlenbeck
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作者：
K. Kehlenbeck
家庭菜园被认为是一个物种丰富的农业生态系统，位于宅基地周围，用于自给生产和创收。它们往往连续种植数十年，可被视为可持续农业生产系统的典范。由于可持续性本身无法评估，因此使用了某些指标，例如土壤质量参数或生物多样性。植物多样性被认为是家庭菜园生产力和可持续性的基础，然而，它不是静态的。影响植物多样性的农业生态和社会经济因素尚未得到充分调查。homegardens的可持续性很少进行定量或时间series.The主要目标的研究是评估选定的农村homegardens在中苏拉威西岛，印度尼西亚的可持续性。使用了某些可持续性指标，强调植物物种多样性，土壤质量和花园管理。确定了影响植物多样性的因素。潜力，以提高家庭菜园的生产力和适合在原地保存的植物遗传资源进行了assessed.The研究进行了五个村庄的纳普谷，中苏拉威西，从每个10户随机选择。三个村庄主要由当地人居住，两个由移民居住。在所有的家庭菜园中，作物物种（即所有有用的植物物种）的数量和丰富度进行了量化，用于计算几个多样性和相似性指数。为了评估作物多样性的时间动态，在2003年和2004年对那些村庄中的三个村庄的30个家庭菜园进行了重新清点。在所有家庭花园采集土壤样品，分析物理和化学质量参数。2001年的研究也进行了其中一些土壤分析。园丁特别采访了家庭花园管理和植物利用。应用聚类、多元线性回归和主成分分析（PCA），研究了2 - 40年种植期的家庭菜园，其种植面积为300 - 2,400 m2。主要功能是生产以维持生计为目的的副食品，但有些菜园主要用于创收。在自给和面向市场的家庭菜园中，生产潜力没有得到充分开发。家庭菜园主要由妇女负责，但果树和经济作物主要由男子负责。所用的种植材料大部分是内源性的。农民工比当地园丁更经常使用工业肥料。除草剂主要应用于市场导向的花园，除草剂也在自给garden.In 2004年，合计206作物品种的种植在50个家庭菜园研究，包括许多野生和未充分利用的物种。此外，还有162种观赏植物和58种杂草，平均每园栽培33.49种作物。五个村庄的农作物组成以及丰富度和多样性差异显着。与两个移民村相比，当地三个村庄的物种丰富度和多样性较高，植被结构更为复杂。基于物种丰度的聚类分析部分反映了这些差异。多元回归分析揭示了影响作物物种丰富度和多样性的最重要因素（积极的，花园的大小;消极的，现金导向的生产，移民园丁）。对30个重新清点的菜园进行的主成分分析表明，在市场准入相对较好的村庄，作物种类的构成转向了更多的经济作物。在这三个村庄，整体作物物种丰富度和多样性略有增加，从2001年到2004年，这部分可能是由于在该地区的发展项目的活动。土壤质量参数变化很大，内部和之间的homegardens调查。其中一些国家的土壤侵蚀被认为是一个问题。随着时间的推移，土壤pH值以及C、N含量均呈显著下降趋势，速效P含量也呈类似趋势。最后，调查的家庭菜园被认为在社会经济和作物多样性方面是可持续的，但不涉及土壤质量的保持。在未来，这些花园的可持续性可能会受到现代化的不同方面的威胁，例如增加使用外源投入和转向现金导向的生产。为了保持这些家庭菜园的可持续性及其对植物遗传资源就地保护的适宜性，任何加强生产的促进都应考虑保持这一农业生态系统的结构和功能。
Homegardens are regarded as a species-rich agro-ecosystem located around a homestead for subsistence production and income generation. Often continuously cultivated over many decades, they could be considered as a model for sustainable agricultural production systems. As sustainability can not be assessed per se, certain indicators have been used instead, e.g. soil quality parameters or biodiversity. Plant diversity is considered as a basis for homegarden productivity and sustainability, however, it is not static over time. Agro-ecological and socio-economic factors that influence plant diversity are not yet fully investigated. The sustainability of homegardens has rarely been examined quantitatively or in a time series.The main objective of this study was to assess the sustainability of selected rural homegardens in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Certain sustainability indicators were used, emphasising plant species diversity, soil quality, and garden management. Factors influencing plant diversity were determined. Potentials to improve homegarden productivity and their suitability for in situ conservation of plant genetic resources were also assessed.The research was carried out in five villages of the Napu valley, Central Sulawesi, from each of which ten households were randomly selected. Three villages were mainly inhabited by locals, two by migrants. In all homegardens, the number and abundance of crop species (i.e. all useful plant species) were quantified for calculation of several diversity and similarity indices. For assessing temporal dynamics of crop diversity, 30 homegardens in three of the villages, which had previously been investigated in 2001, were re-inventoried in 2003 and 2004. Soil samples were taken in all homegardens to analyse physical and chemical quality parameters. Some of these soil analyses were also performed in the 2001-study. Gardeners were especially interviewed about homegarden management and plant utilisation. Cluster, multiple linear regression, and principal component (PCA) analyses were applied.The homegardens studied were cultivated for periods between 2 and 40 years, their cropped areas varied from 300 to 2,400 m2. The primary function was subsistence-oriented production of non-staple food, but some gardens were largely used for income generation. In both subsistence and market-oriented homegardens, the production potential was not fully exploited. Homegardens were mainly worked by women, but men were mostly responsible for fruit trees and cash crops. The used planting materials were largely of endogenous origin. Industrial fertiliser was more frequently used by migrant than by local gardeners. Insecticides were mainly applied in market-oriented gardens, herbicides also in subsistence gardens.In 2004, a combined total of 206 crop species were cultivated in the 50 homegardens studied, including many wild and under-utilised species. Besides, 162 ornamental and 58 weedy species were found. On average, 33 49 crop species were cultivated per garden. Composition as well as richness and diversity of crops differed markedly among the five villages. In the three local villages, species richness and diversity were rather high and vegetation structure more complex as compared to the two migrant villages. Cluster analysis based on species abundances partly reflected these differences. Multiple regression analysis revealed the most important factors that influenced crop species richness and diversity (positively, garden size ; negatively, cash-oriented production , migrant gardener ). PCA applied to the 30 re-inventoried gardens showed that crop species composition shifted towards more cash crops in villages with a relatively good market access. In these three villages, overall crop species richness and diversity increased slightly from 2001 to 2004, which partly may have been caused by activities of development projects in the area.Soil quality parameters were highly variable within and among the homegardens surveyed. Soil erosion was considered as problematic in some of them. Over time, soil pH values as well as C and N contents decreased significantly; available P content showed a similar trend. This was, most likely, due to insufficient soil quality management.In conclusion, the homegardens surveyed were considered to be sustainable in socio-economic and crop diversity dimensions, but not concerning soil quality maintenance. In the future, sustainability of these gardens may additionally be threatened by different aspects of modernisation , such as an increased use of exogenous inputs and a shift towards cash-oriented production. To maintain the sustainability of these homegardens and their suitability for in situ conservation of plant genetic resources, any promotion to intensify production should consider to keep the structure and functioning of this agro-ecosystem.