JARring Actions that Fuel the Floods
JARring Actions that Fuel the Floods
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DOI：
10.9783/9780812205473.59
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. Kousky;R. Zeckhauser
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Kousky;R. Zeckhauser
在自然灾害规划和决策中，生态系统通过减少洪水和风暴潮等方式降低自然灾害风险和规模的能力在很大程度上被忽视。1993年密西西比河的洪水和卡特里娜飓风都表明，从北方各州到墨西哥湾，密西西比流域的这种“生态系统服务”正在丧失。造成这些服务损失的行为通常与影响相距甚远，无论是在时间上、空间上，还是由于自然灾害的概率性质。我们使用的首字母缩略词“远程危及资产”来指这些行动。JARring行动可以由私人实体或政府采取。由于几乎不可能确定责任，而且由于有许多受害方，而且往往也有许多伤害方，因此难以制定防止这种行动的政策。JARring行动是一个通用概念，适用于任何施加远程风险的情况。它们不需要与生态系统或自然灾害有关，尽管这是本文的应用。虽然JARring行动造成的损害（或预期损害）往往是财产，但人类生命也可能丧失，并经常因JARring行动带来的不利后果而变得更加脆弱而受到干扰。本文评估了两个突出的灾害-1993年的洪水和飓风卡特里娜-加剧了JARring行动。这些行动证明我们未能充分重视减少风险的生态系统服务。在回顾了密西西比河上的这两次灾难以及生态系统服务在减少此类灾难风险中的作用后，我们转向JARring行动的概念，讨论了私人和公共的例子。然后，我们概述了各种可能的政策应对措施，以解决与私人实体和政府采取的可持续发展行动下的JARring相关的外部成本。新奥尔良被淹没和毁坏的画面不会很快被遗忘。卡特里娜飓风造成110多万人丧生，多达100万人流离失所，在这个国家的心灵上留下了印记。8月31日，
The ability of ecosystems to reduce the risks and scales of natural disasters, for example, by attenuating floodwaters and storm surges, has largely been neglected in natural disaster planning and policymaking. Both the 1993 flood on the Mississippi and Hurricane Katrina point to a loss of such "ecosystem services" in the Mississippi watershed, from the northern states down to the Gulf. The actions that cause the loss of these services are often remote from the impacts-whether in time, space, or due to the probabilistic nature of natural disasters. We employ the acronym JAR Jeopardize Assets that are Remote-to refer to these actions. JARring actions can be taken by private entities or by governments. Policies to pre vent such actions are difficult due to the near impossibility of assigning responsibility and to collective action problems since there are so many injured parties, and often many injuring parties as well. JARring actions is a generic concept, and applies whenever remote risks are imposed. They need have no relation to ecosystems or natural disasters, though that is the application in this paper. While the damage (or expected damage) JAR ring actions cause is often to property, human lives can also be lost and are frequently disrupted from the increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes that JARring actions bring. This paper assesses two prominent disasters-the 1993 flood and Hur ricane Katrina-that were exacerbated by JARring actions. Those actions exemplifY our failure to give sufficient attention to ecosystem services that reduce risks. After reviewing these two disasters on the Mississippi and the role of ecosystem services in reducing the risks of such disasters, we tum to the concept of JARring actions, discussing both private and public examples. We then outline a variety of possible policy responses for addressing the external costs associated with the JARring actions under taken by private entities and by government. The pictures of a submerged and ruined New Orleans will not soon be forgotten. With over a tllOusand lost lives and up to a million displaced, Hurricane Katrina left its mark on the nation's psyche. On August 31,