Effects of genetic improvements on grain yield and agronomic traits of winter wheat in the Yangtze River Basin of China
Effects of genetic improvements on grain yield and agronomic traits of winter wheat in the Yangtze River Basin of China
复制标题
遗传改良对长江流域冬小麦产量及农艺性状的影响
DOI：
10.1016/j.fcr.2011.07.012
复制
发表时间：
2011-12
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
戴廷波
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
戴廷波
小麦是世界上重要的粮食作物。自20世纪60年代以来，遗传改良对小麦生产做出了很大贡献。阐明小麦农艺性状的演变规律和产量形成的生理基础，将有助于育种家和农学家选育小麦新品种，实现稳产高产。以1950 - 2005年在长江流域育成或广泛种植的35个小麦品种为材料，于2006 - 2009年在南京进行了3种施氮水平（0、112.5和225 kgNha −1）下的田间试验。从20世纪50年代到21世纪初，小麦籽粒产量、穗粒数、千粒重和收获指数随着品种的发展而线性增加，而单位面积穗数随着品种的发展而显著下降，并随着品种的进一步遗传改良而稳定。籽粒产量、穗粒数和千粒重随施氮量和品种而异。随着施氮量的增加，籽粒产量、单位面积穗数和穗粒数显著增加，但总干重和干重指数下降。从20世纪50年代到80年代，品种高度随着品种的发展而下降，并在随后的品种中保持相对稳定。从20世纪50年代到80年代，随着品种的发展，上部节间长度占株高的比例逐渐增加，此后逐渐下降，而基部节间长度则保持缩短的趋势。旗叶的单株叶面积、叶面积指数、净光合速率和光合活性持续时间随品种发育而增加。叶面积、叶面积指数和净光合速率随施氮量的增加而显著增加，而净光合速率则不随施氮量的增加而显著增加。单穗产量随品种的遗传发育呈线性增加，主要是由于粒数和粒重的增加，而粒数和粒重的增加与品种和源的大小密切相关。籽粒产量与叶面积、LAI、Pn Max、PAD、单穗产量呈正相关，单穗产量与叶面积、LAI、Pn Max、PAD呈正相关，表明籽粒产量的提高主要与源（叶面积、LAI、Pn、PAD等）的改善有关。单穗产量（single spike yield）库源比随着品种的遗传发育而增加，表明长江流域单株叶产量提高，库源关系接近最优。此外，高产育种应与提高穗粒数和单位面积总干重、增加库源比和合理的叶面积指数相结合，并在高产育种过程中考虑氮肥管理。
Wheat is an important food crop worldwide. Genetic improvements have contributed much to wheat production since the 1960s. Verifying the evolution of agronomic traits and the physiological basis of grain yield will facilitate breeders and agronomists in developing new wheat cultivars, with the aim of stable and high yields. Thirty-five wheat cultivars, bred or widely planted in the Yangtze River Basin from 1950 to 2005, were grown in field experiments under three N rates (0, 112.5, and 225kgNha−1) from 2006 to 2009 in Nanjing, China. Wheat grain yield, kernels per spike, 1000-kernel weight (TKW), and harvest index (HI) increased linearly with cultivar development from the 1950s to the 2000s, whereas spikes per unit land decreased significantly with cultivar development during the same period, and stabilized with further genetic improvements in cultivars. Grain yield, kernels per spike, and TKW differed with N rate and with cultivar. Grain yield, spikes per unit land, and kernels per spike increased significantly with increasing N fertilizer, but TKW and HI decreased. Cultivar height decreased with cultivar development from the 1950s to the 1980s, and remained relatively stable in subsequent cultivars. The proportion of the length of the top internode to total plant height increased with cultivar development from the 1950s to the 1980s and thereafter fell, while the length of the basal internode (BI) maintained a shortening trend. Leaf area per culm, leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and photosynthetic activity duration (PAD) of the flag leaf increased with cultivar development. Leaf area, LAI, and Pn increased significantly with increasing N fertilizer, while PAD did not. Single spike yield increased linearly with genetic development in cultivars, and these increases mainly resulted from increasing kernel number and weight, which were closely related to source size and cultivar. Grain yield was positively correlated to leaf area, LAI, PnMax, PAD, and single spike yield; single spike yield was positively correlated to leaf area, LAI, PnMax, and PAD, suggesting that grain yield improvements were mainly associated with improvements in the source (leaf area, LAI, Pn, PAD, etc.) and sink (single spike yield). Sink–source ratios increased with genetic development of cultivars, suggesting that productivity per leaf improved and that sink–source relationships have reached close to optimum in the Yangtze River Basin. Furthermore, breeding for high yield should be related to improvement in kernels per spike and TKW per unit land and increased sink–source ratios with a feasible LAI, and N fertilizer management should be considered during breeding for higher yields.
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
1994-04
期刊：
Environment and Ecology
影响因子：
--
作者：
K. Sharma;K. Dhingra;Mandeep Singh Dhillon
通讯作者：
K. Sharma;K. Dhingra;Mandeep Singh Dhillon
DOI：
10.1017/s0021859607007034
发表时间：
2007-04
期刊：
The Journal of Agricultural Science
影响因子：
--
作者：
M. Reynolds;P. Hobbs;H. Braun
通讯作者：
M. Reynolds;P. Hobbs;H. Braun
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
S. Waddington;J. Ransom;M. Osmanzai;D. Saunders
通讯作者：
S. Waddington;J. Ransom;M. Osmanzai;D. Saunders
DOI：
10.5860/choice.31-2680
发表时间：
1993
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
L. T. Evans
通讯作者：
L. T. Evans
影响因子：
5.8
作者：
G. Slafer;R. Savin
通讯作者：
G. Slafer;R. Savin