The Demographics of Innovation in the United States-猫眼课题宝

美国创新人口统计

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2016

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作者：

A. Nager;D. Hart;Stephen Ezell;R. Atkinson

......................................................................................................................1 图表列表...................................................................................................................................3 表格列表...................................................................................................................................4 简介....................................................................................................................................5 文献综述....................................................................................................................7 年龄.................................................................................................................................... 7 性别.................................................................................................................................... 8 国籍和移民状况.................................................................................................................... 9 种族.................................................................................................................................... 10 教育程度...................................................................................................................... 10 方法论 .......................................................................................................................................11 衡量创新的五个样本 ................................................................................................................. 11 R&D 100 奖项 .................................................................................................................. 13 三元专利 .................................................................................................................................. 14 数据收集 .................................................................................................................................. 15 答复率 .................................................................................................................................. 16 答复偏差 .................................................................................................................................. 17 将受访者与总体样本进行比较...................................................................................................... 18 调查方法....................................................................................................................... 19 结果....................................................................................................................................19 性别....................................................................................................................................... 20 种族和原籍国....................................................................................................................... 24 种族...................................................................................................................................... 25 原籍国和移民状况...................................................................................................... 29 教育................................................................................................................ 34 本科学位 .................................................................................................................. 34 高级学位 ................................................................................................................. 37 年龄 .................................................................................................................. 42 创新 ................................................................................................................. 45 创新机构 .................................................................................................................. 46 政府资助 .................................................................................................................. 53 合作 ................................................................................................................. 55 商业化 ................................................................................................................. 57 对创新政策的影响......................................................................................................59 结论...................................................................................................................................59 附录 A：R&D 100 数据的方法论考虑....................................................................60 附录 B：专利数据的方法论考虑....................................................................61 结果与先前工作的比较：Walsh 和 Nagaoka....................................................................... 63 附录 C：大型先进技术公司三元专利的方法论....................................................65 附录 D：数据收集方法论......................................................................................66 附录 E：NamSor 测试和解释 ..................................................................................................68 性别预测 .................................................................................................................. 68 原籍国和语系 .................................................................................................. 70 附录 F：调查工具 ..................................................................................................................74 尾注 ..................................................................................................................................78 致谢 ..................................................................................................................................86 作者简介......................................................................................................................86 关于 ITIF ......................................................................................................................86

...................................................................................................................................1 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................3 List of Tables .............................................................................................................................4 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................5 Literature Review .......................................................................................................................7 Age ............................................................................................................................ 7 Gender ........................................................................................................................ 8 Nationality and Immigration Status ................................................................................ 9 Ethnicity ................................................................................................................... 10 Education ................................................................................................................. 10 Methodology ............................................................................................................................11 Five Samples for Measuring Innovation ............................................................................ 11 R&D 100 Awards ....................................................................................................... 13 Triadic Patents .......................................................................................................... 14 Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 15 Response Rates ............................................................................................................. 16 Response Bias ........................................................................................................... 17 Comparing Respondents to the Overall Sample.............................................................. 18 Survey Methodology ....................................................................................................... 19 Findings ..................................................................................................................................19 Gender .......................................................................................................................... 20 Ethnicity and Country of Origin ........................................................................................ 24 Ethnicity ................................................................................................................... 25 Country of Origin and Immigration Status ..................................................................... 29 Education ..................................................................................................................... 34 Undergraduate Degrees .............................................................................................. 34 Advanced Degrees ...................................................................................................... 37 Age .............................................................................................................................. 42 Innovations ................................................................................................................... 45 Innovating Institutions ................................................................................................ 46 Government Funding .................................................................................................. 53 Collaboration ............................................................................................................. 55 Commercialization ..................................................................................................... 57 Implications for Innovation Policy .............................................................................................59 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................59 Appendix A: Methodology Consideration With R&D 100 Data ......................................................60 Appendix B: Methodology Consideration With Patent Data ..........................................................61 Comparing Results to Previous Work: Walsh and Nagaoka .............................................. 63 Appendix C: Methodology of Large Advanced Technology Company Triadic Patents .....................65 Appendix D: Data Collection Methodology .................................................................................66 Appendix E: NamSor Tests and Interpretations ...........................................................................68 Gender Predictions ......................................................................................................... 68 Country of Origin and Language Families .......................................................................... 70 Appendix F: Survey Instrument ..................................................................................................74 Endnotes .................................................................................................................................78 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................86 About the Authors ....................................................................................................................86 About ITIF ................................................................................................................................86

The Demographics of Innovation in the United States

美国创新人口统计

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