The ‘Nature’ of Nationality
The ‘Nature’ of Nationality
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国籍的“本质”
DOI：
10.1057/9780230374591_4
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Verena Stolcke
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Verena Stolcke
公民权是现代个人政治解放和法律平等的精髓。公民权作为自由和形式上平等的公民所享有的一系列公民权利，几乎从一开始就在新兴的资产阶级世界分裂为争夺统治地位的领土民族国家时就受到了限制。公民权的获得受到具体的法律的规则，即所谓的国籍法的制约，这些法律规定了个人必须满足的正式要求，才有资格成为具体国家的公民。因此，公民权成为被承认为某一特定国家国民的人的专属特权，排除了任何其他国家的国民。在现代国家的三个组成要素中，领土、政府和人民，对“人民”的界定被证明是最有争议的问题（Lichter，1955）。一个没有人民的领土，一个没有明确界定的社区来管理的政府，是没有意义的。因此，界定公民身份，即确定成为国家成员的条件，在现代领土民族国家的形成时期获得了其自身的逻辑，成为一个基本的构成性政治困境。民族国家的成员身份有三个分析上不同的维度，一个是关于个人在政体中的法律的地位，这保证了公民身份的无条件享受，政治和社会权利。第二，这种政治地位正式地建立在个人与国家之间的先前法律的关系之上（Keller & Trautmann 1914：32; Staatslexikon-Recht，Wirtschaft，Gesellschaft 1962：570）。[1]第三，属于民族国家，而且，经常被认为是由一种内在的、主观的共同民族认同感“赋予”的。
Citizenship is the quintessence of the modem individual's political emancipation and equality in the eyes of the law. Citizenship as the bundle of civil rights enjoyed by free and formally equal citizens became bounded, however, almost from the start in the emerging bourgeois world dividing into territorial nation-states which vied for dominance. The acquisition of citizenship rights became conditioned by specific legal rules, the socalled nationality laws, which codified the formal requirements which individuals must meet to be entitled to become citizens of concrete states. As a consequence, citizenship rights became the exclusive privilege of those who were recognized as nationals of a particular state to the exclusion of the nationals of any other state so constituted. Of the three constitutive elements of the modern state, a territory, a government, a people, circumscribing the'people'proved to be the most controversial issue (Lichter 1955). A territory without a people, a government without a clearly bounded community to be governed, makes no sense. Hence, bounding the citizenry, that is determining the conditions for becoming a member of a state, acquired a logic of its own as a fundamental constitutive political dilemma in the formative period of the modern territorial nation-states.There are three analytically distinct dimensions to membership in a nation-state, one regarding an individual's legal status within a polity which warrants the unqualified enjoyment of civil, political and social rights. Second, this political status is formally grounded in a prior legal relationship entered into by the individual and a state (Keller & Trautmann 1914: 32; Staatslexikon-Recht, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft 1962: 570). 1 And third, belonging to the nation-state has, moreover, often been taken to be'ascribed'by an inner, subjective sense of shared national identity.