Reproductive sharing in animal societies: reproductive incentives or incomplete control by dominant breeders?
Reproductive sharing in animal societies: reproductive incentives or incomplete control by dominant breeders?
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DOI：
10.1093/beheco/9.3.267
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发表时间：
1998-05-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Keller, L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Reeve, HK;Emlen, ST;Keller, L
最优倾斜模型解释了社会群体内生殖共享的原因，即通过控制支配者向下属提供生殖激励，以换取和平合作。我们探索了两个版本的替代方案，即不完全控制模型，用于群体内生殖共享的进化。证明了：(1)在不完全控制模型的两个版本中，从属的生殖比例要么随着从属的遗传关联r而增加，要么不敏感，而在最优倾斜模型中，从属的生殖比例随着从属的遗传关联r的增加而减小；(2)在不完全控制模型中，从属的生殖份额必须超过最优倾斜模型中的从属的生殖份额。(3)在不完全控制模型中，影响单亲繁殖成功的生态因子并不直接影响子代的繁殖份额，但在最优偏态模型中，生态因子对子代繁殖份额有直接影响。当主从性关系是不对称的(就像在亲子关系中经常出现的情况)时，不完全控制模型预测，对于包含不相关和完全兄弟姐妹从属的任何混合的群体，无论群体大小如何，从属后代都不会繁殖，而最优倾斜模型预测，当群体规模为三个或更多时，这种繁殖是可能的。现有证据表明，在脊椎动物和膜翅目动物社会中，亲缘关系与从属的生殖份额之间存在负相关关系，显然支持最优倾斜而不是不完全控制这类模型的预测。然而，这种负面关系并不一定与不完全控制模型不一致，就像一些脊椎动物研究一样，它是由于父母及其后代的基因一夫一妻制的非乱伦群体(不对称亲属关系)与非亲缘群体(对称亲属关系)中的偏斜进行比较而产生的。这两个模型都预测了亲子关系中更高的偏斜度。然而，当不对称亲缘关系组大于二联体时，从属后代在不对称亲缘关系组中的偶尔繁殖更符合最优倾斜模型。总体而言，目前关于生殖偏斜及其与群体内攻击和生态约束的关系的数据支持最优偏斜模型，但需要更多的数据来排除不完全控制模型。这些模型是两种不同的社会内进化一般观点的例子：拔河观点和交易观，在拔河观点中，群体成员为争夺资源而进行斗争，而在交易观点中，群体成员交换繁殖的地块，以诱导彼此的有益行为。
Optimal skew models explain reproductive sharing within social groups as resulting from reproductive incentives given by controlling dominants to subordinates in return for peaceful cooperation. We explore two versions of an alternative, the incomplete control model, for the evolution of reproductive sharing within groups. In this model, dominants have only limited control over the allocation of reproduction and must expend effort to increase their share of the total group output We show that, when the relatedness between dominant and subordinate is symmetrical, (1) the subordinate's fraction of reproduction either increases with, or is insensitive to, the subordinate's genetic relatedness, r, to the dominant in both versions of the incomplete control model, whereas the subordinate's fraction of reproduction decreases with increasing rin the optimal skew model, (2) the subordinate's share of reproduction in the incomplete control model must exceed that in the optimal skew model, and (3) ecological factors affecting solitary breeding success do not directly affect the subordinate's share of reproduction in incomplete control model but do in the optimal skew model. When dominant-subordinate relatedness is asymmetrical (as is often the case in parent-offspring associations), the incomplete control model predicts no reproduction by the subordinate offspring regardless of group size for groups containing any mixture of unrelated and full-sibling subordinates, whereas the optimal skew models predict that such reproduction is possible when the group size is three or more. The available evidence indicates a negative relationship between relatedness and a subordinate's reproductive share in both vertebrate and hymenopteran societies, apparently supporting the predictions of the optimal skew not incomplete control, class of models. However, such a negative relationship is not necessarily inconsistent with the incomplete control model when, as is true for some vertebrate studies, it results from a comparison of skews in genetically monogamous, nonincestuous groups of parents and their offspring (asymmetric relatednesses) with skews in groups of nonkin (symmetric relatednesses). Both models predict higher skews in parent-offspring associations. Occasional reproduction by subordinate offspring in groups of asymmetrical relatedness when such groups are larger than dyads is more consistent with the optimal skew model, however. Overall, current data on reproductive skew and its relationships to intragroup aggression and ecological constraints support the optimal skew model, but more data are needed to rule out the incomplete control model. These models are examples of two different general views of intrasocietal evolution: the tug-of-war view, in which group members engage in a struggle over resources, and the transactional view, in which group members exchange parcels of reproduction to induce beneficial behavior from each other.