Infrared thermography as a tool to determine teat tissue changes caused by machine milking in Murciano-Granadina goats
Infrared thermography as a tool to determine teat tissue changes caused by machine milking in Murciano-Granadina goats
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DOI：
10.1016/j.livsci.2013.11.029
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发表时间：
2014-02-01
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Diaz, J. R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alejandro, M.;Romero, G.;Diaz, J. R.
鉴于文献中关于使用红外热成像技术来估计机器挤奶引起的山羊乳头组织厚度变化的信息很少，提出了三个方面的工作：（1）微调热成像温度测量技术;（2）研究乳腺健康状况对该技术应用的影响;（3）研究热像图法和超声扫描法作为评价机器挤奶对乳头壁厚度影响的方法之间的关系。在挤奶前和挤奶后，对来自不同分娩次数的30只Murciano-Granadina山羊的两个腺体进行热成像，沿着两个乳头的超声扫描，根据乳腺健康状态对动物进行分类（免费：体细胞计数（RCS）1，000，000个细胞/mL和阴性细菌学）。在图形图像中，我们确定了乳头（尖端处; TPP;距离乳头末端1 cm处：TP 1和AP 1; 2 cm处：TP 2和AP 2; 3 cm处：TP 3和AP 3）和乳房（TPU和TAU）的特定点（P）和区域（A）处的温度（7）。在超声图像上测量乳头壁厚度（TWT）、乳头壁面积（TWA）和乳头端壁面积（TEWA）。机械挤奶导致乳头末端1、2和3 cm处的平均温度显著升高（P < 0.05），分别为6.6、4.9、2.5和1.5 ℃。在估计机器挤奶引起的乳头温度变化方面，未发现点法和面积法之间存在差异，认为在距离乳头末端3 cm处进行的测量最适合此计算，因为它们不受乳腺健康状态的影响：与挤奶前值相比，UNS腺体在挤奶前距离乳头末端1和2 cm处的温度较低，挤奶后的温差较大。同样，虽然机械挤奶引起的温度和乳头壁厚度的增加，一个显着的相关性，在这种情况下，负的，只发现在乳头末端和在1和2厘米的尖端在UNS腺体之前和之后milking.Depending的结果，热成像可以检测乳头温度升高引起的机器挤奶。然而，有必要进一步研究与动物或挤奶机相关的感染性和非感染性因素，以及其他方面，可能影响热成像技术在山羊家畜中的应用。这些研究还将使我们能够确定挤奶后可能发生乳头完整性损害的温度升高阈值。(C)2013 Elsevier B. V.保留所有权利。
Given the scant information found in the review of the literature on the use of infrared thermography as a method to estimate the variation in teat tissue thickness caused by machine milking in goats, this work was proposed with a threefold objective: (1) to fine tune the temperature measuring technique for thermographic images; (2) study the effects of mammary gland health status in application of the technique; and (3) study the relationship between thermography and ultrasound scanning as methods for estimating the effect of machine milking on teat wall thickness. Thermographic images were taken in both glands, along with ultrasound scans of both teats, in 30 Murciano-Granadina goats from different parturition numbers, before and after milking, classifying the animals according to mammary gland health status (FREE: Somatic cell count (RCS) 1,000,000 cells/mL and negative bacteriology). In the graphic images, we determined the temperature (7) at specific points (P) and areas (A) of the teat (at the tip; TPP; at 1 cm: TP1 and AP1; at 2 cm: TP2 and AP2; at 3 cm: TP3 and AP3 from the teat end) and in the udder (TPU and TAU). The teat wall thickness (TWT), teat wall area (TWA) and teat-end wall area (TEWA) in the ultrasound images of the teat were also determined. Mechanical milking caused a significant increase (P < 0.05) of the mean temperature by 6.6, 4.9, 2.5 and 1.5 degrees C at the tip, 1, 2, and 3 cm from the teat end. No differences were found between the point and area methods in estimating temperature changes in the teat caused by machine milking, and the measurements taken at 3 cm from the teat end are considered the most suitable for this calculation, as they were not affected by the mammary gland health status: UNS glands presented a lower temperature at 1 and 2 cm from the teat end before milking and the greater temperature difference after milking compared to the pre-milking values. Similarly, although mechanical milking caused an increase in temperature and teat wall thickness, a significant correlation, in this case negative, was only found between both variables at the teat end and at 1 and 2 cm from the tip in the UNS glands before and after milking.Depending on the results found, thermography can detect teat temperature increases caused by machine milking. Nevertheless, further works are necessary to study which infectious and non-infectious factors related with the animal or the milking machine, among other aspects, could affect application of the thermography technique in goat livestock. These studies would also allow us to determine the temperature increase threshold after milking after which damage to teat integrity might occur. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.