Microeconomic Analysis of Innovative Environmental Programs in Developing Countries
Microeconomic Analysis of Innovative Environmental Programs in Developing Countries
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DOI：
10.1093/reep/req011
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发表时间：
2010-07
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
J. Vincent
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Vincent
在发展中国家，试图通过减少对政府正式监管机构的依赖来科普体制弱点的环境管理方案正变得越来越普遍。这类创新方案的三个主要例子是：（1）解决工业污染的公开披露和自愿方案;（2）向家庭通报环境健康风险的方案;（3）为环境服务付费。虽然（1）和（2）在某些情况下减少了工业污染物的排放和家庭对环境健康风险的暴露，但相对于问题的规模，减少的幅度很小。到目前为止，（3）的保护效益也同样很小。关于这些方案的有效性的证据是有限的，因为这些方案相对较新，而且严格的影响评估方法的使用有限。尽管业绩记录不佳，但继续试验创新方案似乎是有道理的，特别是如果在将资源从正式的环境管理方案中转移出去方面的机会成本不太高，以及如果建立了严格的影响评估来确定创新方案是否有效以及为什么有效。未来的研究需要注意发展中国家之间的巨大异质性（即，在一个国家的成功实施并不能保证在其他地方的成功），以及创新方案与正式环境管理方案之间的关系。
Environmental management programs that attempt to cope with institutional weaknesses in developing countries by being less reliant on governments’ formal regulatory apparatus are becoming increasingly common. Three leading examples of such innovative programs are (1) public disclosure and voluntary programs to address industrial pollution; (2) programs that inform households about environmental health risks; and (3) payments for environmental services. Although (1) and (2) have reduced emissions of industrial pollutants and household exposure to environmental health risks in some cases, the reductions are small relative to the size of the problems. Conservation benefits from (3) have been similarly small so far. Evidence on the effectiveness of these programs is limited, both because the programs are relatively new and because there has been limited use of rigorous impact evaluation methods. Despite this weak performance record, continued experimentation with innovative programs appears to be warranted, especially if the opportunity cost is not too high in terms of redirecting resources away from formal environmental management programs and if rigorous impact evaluations are built in to determine whether and why innovative programs have worked. Future research needs to pay attention to the great heterogeneity among developing countries (i.e., successful implementation in one country is no guarantee of success elsewhere), and to the relationship of innovative programs to formal environmental management programs.